ABSTRACT

When in the late 19th century electric lights replaced gas lamps, the air quality in cities instantly improved. However, in the second half of the 20th century the development of coal-fueled industries led to much greater air pollution, which spread far beyond the urban environments and became a global issue. It was a peculiar paradox. The solution that brought short-term positive effects has grown to be a threat in the long run (Fox-Penner, 1997). Also today many innovations which are meant to bring improvement might actually pose a threat.