ABSTRACT
Historically, chemical warfare (CW) agent defense research studies have utilized a variety of animal models, including farm swine as the standard pig model; only recently has the minipig been the focus for an alternative to larger animals. US Defense Department laboratories have conducted studies on CW agents in which CW agent toxicity has been characterized, potential mechanisms of action identi¢ed, and subsequent treatment approaches have been developed. Some of this work contributes to databases that are important for developing protective equipment and detection systems for soldiers and ¢rst responders. In addition, this work allows for the development of exposure
standards for military and those who may be in direct danger of exposure from these compounds (laboratory workers and ¢rst responders). In experimental settings, chemical agent exposures may involve multiple routes including: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), intraperitoneal (IP), subcutaneous (SC), percutaneous (PC), or inhalation (IH). In reality, the danger from these agents will most likely come from the PC and IH routes.
