ABSTRACT
Recent years have witnessed an explosion of interest in the development of electrochemical energy systems as the potential clean energy provider for automotive, stationary, and portable power. Winter and Brodd [1] have recently provided an excellent overview of different electrochemical energy systems. Fuel cells, owing to their high energy ef‰ciency, environmental friendliness, and low noise, are widely considered as the twenty-‰rst century energy conversion devices. Unlike the conventional Carnot cycle-based energy conversion devices with intermediate heat and mechanical energy generation, fuel cells
CONTENTS
8.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 213 8.2 CL Microfabrication and Microstructure ....................................................................... 218 8.3 CL Microstructure Generation ........................................................................................ 218 8.4 Electrochemistry-Coupled Direct Numerical Simulation ........................................... 221
8.4.1 DNS Model ..............................................................................................................223 8.4.1.1 Physicoelectrochemical Processes ........................................................223 8.4.1.2 Assumptions ............................................................................................223 8.4.1.3 Governing Equations .............................................................................. 224
8.4.2 DNS Predictions: Single-Layer CL ......................................................................225 8.4.3 CL Microstructure Optimization ........................................................................228
