ABSTRACT

As the medical societies focused on the management of health care, the medical schools limped along. ‡e schools had no direct medical society Žnancial aid, as the money went into political fundraising. ‡e schools were forced into the research business and fought for the business end of medicine in new drugs, new appliances, and new procedures. ‡e hospitals took over the management of doctor density through residency fulŽllment requirements. ‡ey managed to maintain an import ratio of about a third of U.S. doctors as foreign medical school graduates despite the fact that only half of the Americans who wanted to become doctors were allowed to do so.