ABSTRACT
A direct-current (dc) machine is a versatile machine, that is, the same machine can be used as a generator to convert mechanical energy to dc electrical energy or as a motor to convert dc electrical energy into mechanical energy. However, the use of dc machines as dc generators to produce bulk power has rapidly disappeared due to the economic advantages involved in the use of alternating-current generation, transmission, and distribution. This is partly due to the high ef™ciency and relative simplicity with which transformers convert voltages from one level to another.
