ABSTRACT
Internal combustion (IC) engines are inherently linked to the specic physical, thermodynamic, and chemical properties of the fuel and the effects of these properties on fuel-air preparation and mixing, combustion initiation, combustion rates, combustion anomalies, and emissions formation. Throughout history, different engine technologies have been developed and used to operate with different fuels (Cummins 1989), including the 1908 Ford Model T, which operated on gasoline, ethanol, and their blends.
