ABSTRACT

One of the three growth forms is development of the ecological networks of ecosystems and the e¥ciencies of the network. e networks make reuse and recycling possible, and it can be shown that they increase the utilization e¥ciencies of matter and energy. Ecological networks give the ecosystems 13 characteristic properties. Analyses of the networks by the application of matrix calculations are able to quantify the characteristic properties that ecosystems have acquired by the network organization: the mutualism index, the synergism index, the ratio indirect/direct e¢ect, and the homogenization of the e¢ects of the forcing functions, to mention the most important of these properties.