ABSTRACT
DeŒection of beams and frames is the deviation of the con™guration of beams and frames from their undisplaced state to the displaced state, measured from the neutral axis of a beam or a frame member. It is the cumulative effect of deformation of the in™nitesimal elements of a beam or frame member. As shown in the following ™gure, an in™nitesimal element of width dx can be subjected to all three actions: thrust (T), shear (V), and moment (M). Each of these actions has a different effect on the deformation of the element.
