ABSTRACT
New areas have emerged in which the use of indirect methods of proof in the investigation of œnancial activities have gained prominence. e worldwide expansion of international white collar crimes, corporate manipulations, and the global concerns relating to terrorism has shown the need for competent criminal œnancial investigators. e size and scope of white collar œnancial crimes, such as the Bernie Mado› case, the “oil for food” scandal, the recent corruption discovered in several government agencies and subsidized companies, and the money «ow supporting terrorist organizations around the world, have pushed œnancial investigating to the forefront of most law enforcement and security agencies.
