ABSTRACT
Comprehensive research and development activities were undertaken by European scientists in 1990 using high temperature and semisolid electrolytes [1]. e Bacon HYDROX fuel cell was designed to operate at medium temperatures and high pressures. Electrochemical energy converters were designed to operate at ambient temperature and pressure. German scientists developed the double-skeleton catalyst (DSK) fuel cells using a liquid carbonaceous fuel such as methanol and catalytically different electrodes, while the Swiss scientists designed the monoskeleton catalyst (MSK) fuel cells using cheap fuel (hydrocarbons) and electrochemically active metal electrodes.
