ABSTRACT
Furthermore, growth in the new electronic systems and components is relatively slow, and the electronic circuits and devices are getting more complex, depending on the development of new devices and systems that need batteries with new performance requirements. Performance requirements for low-power batteries can vary from application to application. Older batteries or electrochemical system such as carbon zinc (C-Zn), zinc-air (Zn-air), nickel cadmium (Ni-Cd), and lead acid continue to get better and better, and such batteries can maintain the market for the electronic devices that can use them. e most popular lithium cells or primary lithium-based batteries are growing in use as new electronic and electro-optical devices are designed to operate requiring higher voltage, lighter weight, more compact size, and superior shelf life. Market surveys reveal that lithium-manganese dioxide (Li-MnO2) batteries have dominated the commercial market. Studies undertaken by the author indicate that at least 16 manufacturers produce many battery sizes and configurations, ranging from high rate D cells to 50 milliampere-hour (mAh) thin, flat batteries.
