ABSTRACT
The concept of metabolic syndrome (MetS) was rst introduced by Reaven as “syndrome X” [1]. Subsequently, the World Health Organization (WHO) [2] and the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel (ATP III) [3,4] defined criteria of MetS with a specific focus on dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and obesity as key signs-that is, a constellation of risk factors leading to cardiovascular disease (CVD) [4]. Using ATP III criteria, the
Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 193 Increases in Oxidation Products in Patients with Components of Metabolic Syndrome .............. 195 Biomarkers of Lipid Peroxidation ................................................................................................. 195
Obesity and Lipid Peroxidation ................................................................................................ 195 Hyperglycemia and Lipid Peroxidation .................................................................................... 195 Hypertension and Lipid Peroxidation ....................................................................................... 196
Susceptibility of Low-Density Lipoprotein to Oxidation .............................................................. 196 Production of Protein Oxidation .................................................................................................... 197 Changes of Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms in Patients with Components of Metabolic Syndrome .................................................................................................................. 197
Small Molecule Antioxidants .................................................................................................... 197 Obesity and Dietary Antioxidants ............................................................................................. 198 Insulin Resistance and Dietary Antioxidants ............................................................................ 198 Metabolic Syndrome and Dietary Antioxidants ........................................................................ 198
Antioxidant Enzymes ..................................................................................................................... 199 Paraoxonase ................................................................................................................................... 199 Changes in Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Patients with Components of Metabolic Syndrome .....199 Physical Activity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Oxidative Stress Status ...........................................200 Hypocaloric Diets, Metabolic Syndrome, and Oxidative Stress Status .........................................200 Pharmacotherapy of Metabolic Syndrome and Oxidative Stress ................................................... 201
Antihyperglycemia Therapy ...................................................................................................... 201 Antihypertension Therapy ......................................................................................................... 201 Dyslipidemia Therapy ...............................................................................................................202 Antioxidant Supplementation....................................................................................................202
