ABSTRACT
Energy U Entropy S Enthalpy H = U + pV Helmholtz energy A = U – TS Gibbs energy G = U + pV –TS Isobaric heat capacity Cp = (∂H/∂T)p Isochoric heat capacity CV = (∂U/∂T)V Isobaric expansivity α = V-1(∂V/∂T)p Isothermal compressibility κT = –V-1(∂V/∂p)T Isentropic compressibility κS = –V-1(∂V/∂p)S
κT –κS = Tα2V/Cp Cp – CV = Tα2V/κT
Gibbs-Helmholtz equation H = G – T(∂G/∂T)p Maxwell relations (∂S/∂p)T = –(∂V/∂T)p
(∂S/∂V)T = –(∂p/∂T)V Joule-Thomson expansion µJT = (∂T/∂p)H = –{V – T(∂V/∂T)p}/Cp
φJT = (∂H/∂p)T = V – T(∂V/∂T)p Partial molar quantity Xi = (∂X/∂ni)T,p,nj≠i Chemical potential µi = (∂G/∂ni)T,p,nj≠i Perfect gas [symbol pg] pV = (Σi ni)RT
µipg = µiθ + RT ln(xi p/pθ) Fugacity fi = (xip)exp{(µi – µipg)/RT} Activity coefficient γi =fi /(xi fi θ) Gibbs-Duhem relation 0 = SdT – Vdp + Σinidµi [Superscript θ in above equations indicates standard state]
Notation for chemical and physical changes (X = H, S, G, etc.): Chemical reaction ∆rX Formation from elements ∆fX Combustion ∆cX Fusion (cry→liq) ∆fusX Vaporization (liq→gas) ∆vapX Sublimation (cry→gas) ∆subX Phase transition ∆trsX Solution ∆solX Mixing ∆mixX Dilution ∆dilX
