ABSTRACT
Status: 1. Occasional cases in Middle East Dist: NEA-USA, Canada; PAL-Europe, Middle East Hab: Mesocercaria paratenic, embedded in tissues Hosts: 3. Carnivora: dog P2. 2. Amphibia 1. Snails Trans: Ingestion of hosts 2 or P2 Zoo stat: 1 Muller 2000, 2002
Alaria americana
Status: 1. Two recorded cases Dist: NEA-USA, Canada Hab: Mesocercaria paratenic in numerous organs Hosts: 3. Adults in Carnivora P2. Amphibia, snakes 2. Mesocercaria in Amphibia 1. Asexual stages in Mollusca: Helisoma spp. Trans: Ingestion of mesocercaria in frogs Zoo stat: 1 Beaver et al. 1984; Coombs and Crompton 1991
Alaria marcianae
Status: 1. A single human case Dist: NEA-USA, Canada Hab: Mesocercaria paratenic, embedded in tissues Hosts: 3. Carnivora: dog, Vulpes P2. Procyon, Didelphis 2. Amphibia and snakes 1. Snails: possibly Planorbis Trans: Ingestion of hosts 2 or P2 Zoo stat: 1
Beaver et al. 1984; Coombs and Crompton 1991; Muller 2000
Diplostomum spathaceum
Status: 1. Dist: PAL Hab: Cercaria penetrates skin and migrates to eye Hosts: 3. Piscivorous birds: Larus spp.; 38 avian hosts 2. Freshwater fish 1. Snail: Lymnaea sp. Trans: Cercaria actively invades skin Zoo stat: 1 Coombs and Crompton 1991; Smyth 1995
Neodiplostomum seoulense
Syn: Fibricola seoulensis Status: 1. Twenty-five human cases recorded Dist: PAL-Korea Hab: Adult in alimentary tract Hosts: 3. Rattus spp. P2. Snake: Rhabdophis sp. 2. Frogs: Rana spp. 1. Snails: Hippeutis, Segmentina spp. Trans: Ingestion of metacercaria in flesh of frog or snake Zoo stat: 2 Coombs and Crompton 1991; Muller 2002
Pharyngostomum flapi
Status: 1. Dist: PAL-Egypt Hab: Adult in small intestine Hosts: 3. 2. 1. Trans: Ingestion of metacercaria in fish Zoo stat: 2
Muller 2002
STRIGEIDAE
Cotylurus japonicus
Status: 1. Dist: PAL-China Hab: Hosts: 3. 2. 1. Trans: Zoo stat: 2 Muller 2002
BRACHYLAIMIDAE
Brachylaima cribbi
Status: 1. A single record Dist: AUS-Australia (parasite probably of European origin) Hab: Eggs in faeces Hosts: 3. Only known from man 2. Helicid snails 1. Helicid snail: Theba, Cornuella, Helix spp. Trans: Ingestion of raw snail Zoo stat: 2 Butcher and Grove 2001
GYMNOPHALLIDAE
Gymnophalloides seoi
Status: 2. Locally common in Korea Dist: PAL-Korea Hab: Adults in intestine Hosts: 3. Shorebirds, e.g. Oystercatcher
Haematopus ostralegus 2. Oyster Crassostrea gigas 1. Trans: Ingestion of metacercaria in raw oyster Zoo stat: 2 Lee and Chai 2001
ISOPARORCHIIDAE
Isoparorchis hypselobagri
Status: 1. Dist: PAL; OR; AUS Hab: (Alimentary tract); adult worm expelled following treatment Hosts: 3. Adult in swim bladder of freshwater fish 2. 1. Snail: Posticobia sp. Trans: Ingestion of metacercaria in fish Zoo stat: 1 Coombs and Crompton 1991
SCHlSTOSOMATIDAE
Austrobilharzia terrigalensis
Status: 1. Dist: AUS Hab: Abortive schistosomule in skin Hosts: 2. Aquatic birds 1. Snail: Littorina sp. Trans: Cercaria actively invades skin Zoo stat: 1 Coombs and Crompton 1991
Bilharziella polonica
Status: 1. Dist: PAL Hab: Abortive schistosomule in skin
Hosts: 2. Aquatic birds 1. Various pulmonate snails Trans: Cercaria actively invades skin Zoo stat: 1 Coombs and Crompton 1991
Gigantobilharzia huttoni
Status: 1. Dist: NEA Hab: Abortive schistosomule in skin Hosts: 2. Aquatic birds: Pelecanus spp. 1. Snail: Haminoea sp. Trans: Cercaria actively invades skin Zoo stat: 1 Coombs and Crompton 1991
Gigantobilharzia sturniae
Status: 2. The commonest cause of schistosomal dermatitis in Japan Dist: PAL-Japan Hab: Abortive schistosomule in skin Hosts: 2. Various passerine birds 1. Snails: Segmentina sp., Polypilis sp. Trans: Cercaria actively invades skin Zoo stat: 1 Yamaguchi 1981; Coombs and Crompton 1991
Heterobilharzia americana
Status: 1 Dist: NEA-USA Hab: Abortive schistosomule in skin Hosts: 2. Many wild and domestic animals 1. Snail: Pseudosuccinea, Lymnaea spp. Trans: Cercaria actively invades skin Zoo stat: 1 Coombs and Crompton 1991
Microbllharzia variglandis
Status: 1. Dist: NEA Hab: Abortive schistosomule in skin Hosts: 2. Birds 1. Trans: Cercaria actively invades skin Zoo stat: 1 Muller 2002
Orientobilharzia turkestanica
Status: 1. Dist: PAL Hab: Abortive schistosomule in skin Hosts: 2. Many wild and domestic animals 1. Snail: Lymnaea sp. Trans: Cercaria actively invades skin Zoo stat: 1 Coombs and Crompton 1991
Schistosoma bovis
Status: 3. An important cause of cercarial dermatitis in Sardinia Dist: AETH; PAL Hab: Abortive schistosomule in skin Hosts: 2. Cattle, sheep, goats 1. Snails: Bulinus spp. Trans: (Cercaria actively invades skin) Zoo stat: 1 Biocca 1960; Coombs and Crompton 1991; ICZN 2001
Schistosoma haematobium
Status: 5. Widespread and abundant; estimated 39 million cases, 1980 Dist: AETH; PAL Hab: Adult in veins of urinary bladder Hosts: 2. Occasional infections in primates are probably mainly incidental, though apparently endemic in places
1. Snails: Bulinus spp. Trans: Cercaria actively penetrates skin Zoo stat: 4 Malek 1980a; Coombs and Crompton 1991; Jordan et al. 1993
Schistosoma intercalatum
Status: 3. Range very restricted, but locally common Dist: AETH-Forested areas of West and Central Africa Hab: Adult in mesenteric blood vessels Hosts: 2. Man is only natural host known 1. Snail: Bulinus sp. Trans: Cercaria actively penetrates skin Zoo stat: 4 Coombs and Crompton 1991; Jordan et al. 1993
Schistosoma japonicum
Status: 4. 1948: 138 counties in China; estimated 46 million cases, 1980 Dist: OR-Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand; PAL-China, Japan Hab: Adult in mesenteric blood vessels Hosts: 2. More than 30 mammal species; reservoir host: cattle (China), pig (Philippines), various (Sulawesi, Indonesia) 1. Snail: Oncomelania sp. Trans: Cercaria actively penetrates skin Zoo stat: 3 Malek 1980a; Sobhon and Upatham 1990; Coombs and Crompton 1991
Schistosoma malayensis
Status: 1. Rare, abortive infection of tribal people in very restricted range Dist: OR-Malaysia Hab: Known only from eggs in liver Hosts: 2. Rattus muelleri 1. Snails: Robertsiella spp. Trans: (Cercaria actively penetrates skin) Zoo stat: 1 Sobhon and Upatham 1990; Coombs and Crompton 1991
Schistosoma mansoni
Status: 5. Holo-endemic in many communities; estimated 29 million cases in 1980 Dist: AETH; PAL; NEO Hab: Adult in mesenteric blood vessels Hosts: 2. Probably maintained by baboons in very localised foci; the roles of other primates and of rodents in Africa have not been fully established. Rodents maintain secondary foci in South America 1. Snails: Biomphalaria spp. Trans: Cercaria actively penetrates skin Zoo stat: 4, possibly 3 Malek 1980a; Coombs and Crompton 1991; Ouma and Fenwick 1991
Schistosoma mattheei
Status: 3. Limited distribution but locally common, with prevalence reaching 40% Dist: AETH-Southern Africa Hab: Known from eggs in rectal biopsy Hosts: 2. Horses, cattle, sheep, zebra, baboons, antelopes 1. Snails: Bulinus spp. Trans: Cercaria actively penetrates skin Zoo stat: 1 Coombs and Crompton 1991; Jordan et al. 1993
Schistosoma mekongi
Status: 3. Very localised, but prevalence may reach>10% Dist: OR-Laos, Cambodia, Thailand Hab: (Mesenteric blood vessels) Hosts: 2. Dog 1. Snail: Neotricula sp. Trans: Cercaria actively penetrates skin Zoo stat: 2 Sobhon and Upatham 1990; Coombs and Crompton 1991
Schistosoma rodhaini
Status: 1. A single human case record in ‘Zaire’ Dist: AETH-Congo, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya Hab: (Venous blood vessels)
Hosts: 2. Rodents, Carnivora 1. Snails: Biomphalaria spp. Trans: Cercaria actively penetrates skin Zoo stat: 2 Beaver et al. 1984; Coombs and Crompton 1991; Jordan et al. 1993
Schistosoma sinensium
Status: 1. ‘A few cases’ Dist: PAL-China Hab: Hosts: 2. 1. Snail: Tricula sp. Trans: (Cercaria actively penetrates skin) Zoo stat: 1 Muller 2002
Schistosoma spindale
Status: 1. Dist: OR Hab: Abortive schistosomule in skin Hosts: 2. Many species of wild and domestic mammals 1. Snail: Indoplanorbis sp. Trans: Cercaria actively invades skin Zoo stat: 1 Coombs and Crompton 1991
Schistosomatium douthitti
Status: 1. Dist: NEA Hab: Abortive schistosomule in skin Hosts: 2. Rodents 1. Snails: Lymnaea spp. Trans: Cercaria actively invades skin Zoo stat: 1 Coombs and Crompton 1991
Trichobilharzia brevis
Status: 1. Dist: PAL-Japan Hab: Abortive schistosomule in skin Hosts: 2. Aquatic birds 1. Snails: Lymnaea spp. Trans: Cercaria actively invades skin Zoo stat: 1 Coombs and Crompton 1991
Trichobilharzia maegraithi
Status: 1. Dist: PAL-Thailand Hab: Abortive schistosomule in skin Hosts: 2. Aquatic birds 1. Trans: Cercaria actively invades skin Zoo stat: 1 Muller 2002
Trichobilharzia ocellata
Status: 1. Dist: Cosmopolitan Hab: Abortive schistosomule in skin Hosts: 2. Birds: Anatidae 1. Snails: Lymnaea spp. Trans: Cercaria actively invades skin Zoo stat: 1 Coombs and Crompton 1991
Trichobilharzia stagnicolae
Status: 1. Dist: NEA Hab: Abortive schistosomule in skin Hosts: 2. Birds: Anatidae 1. Snails: Lymnaea spp.
