ABSTRACT
Localization of deformation is usually considered as a boundary value problem in numerical analyses. On the other hand, triaxial tests, plane strain tests, and other laboratory tests are generally simulated as a local (homogeneous) problem, integrating the stress–strain relation at a single point. This is the same as considering that deformations occur homogeneously over a finite element and as such will be referred to as the ideal test. In actual conditions, however, heterogeneous deformations occur in a sample as shear deformation develops; consequently, the localization of deformations should be considered as a form of shear banding.
