ABSTRACT
As one of the human body’s largest “organs,” the endothelium (vascular and capillary system) plays a central role in the homeostasis of organ functions. It functions as a mechanical barrier, regulating uid movement through the vasculature and transports nutrients to the different organs. The endothelial cells lining the vessel wall are the natural barrier that prevents microorganisms from invading tissues. The endothelial system can be damaged by inammatory responses associated with infection, trauma, tissue breakdown, tumors, vascular anomalies, and toxicological or immunological responses and activation of the coagulation system. In addition, the endothelial cells are activated by a variety of stimuli. Among them is cyclical strain due to vessel wall distention by transmural pressure and shear stress, the frictional force generated by blood ow.
