ABSTRACT
Regenerative medicine is the great multidisciplinary challenge of molecular, cellular, and evolutionary biology requiring the integration of tissue biology, tissue engineering, developmental biology, and experimental surgery to explore how to trigger de novo tissue induction and morphogenesis, with the ultimate goal of inducing de novo and ex novo tissue induction and organogenesis in man.1-7 The emerging novel frontier of tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine at large, is to construct biomimetic matrices that mimic Nature’s hierarchical structural assemblages and mechanisms of simplicity and elegance that are conserved throughout genera and species.7-9 The novel and exciting concept of bone tissue engineering is to develop smart and functional bioinspired biomimetic matrices that per se initiate the ripple-like cascade of bone differentiation by induction without the osteogenic soluble molecular signals of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) supergene family.8-10 The driving force of the intrinsic induction of bone formation by bioactive bioinspired biomimetic matrices is the shape of the implanted scaffold. The language of shape is the language of geometry; the language of geometry is the
6.1 Smart Bioactive Biomimetic Matrices Induce the Induction of Bone Formation ...................................................................................................... 105
6.2 Tissue Induction and Morphogenesis: Soluble and Insoluble Signals and the Tissue Engineering Paradigm ................................................................. 107
6.3 Plasma-Sprayed Titanium Implants with Geometric Cues of Repetitive Concavities Enhance the Induction of Bone Formation and Osteointegration in a Nonhuman Primate Model ......................................... 113
Acknowledgments .................................................................................................. 120 References .............................................................................................................. 120
language of a sequence of repetitive concavities that biomimetize the remodeling cycle of primate osteonic bone.7,8 The concavity per se, as fabricated into calcium phosphate macroporous constructs or generated by osteoclastogenesis during the remodeling cycle of the primate osteonic bone, is the geometric signal that initiates the induction of bone formation throughout the corticocancellous bone of the primate skeleton.8,11-15 The concavity as cut into the biomimetic matrices biomimetizes the ancestral repetitive and multimillion-year-old tested designs and nanotopographies of nature; the concavity is thus the geometric signal that initiates the induction of bone formation.
