ABSTRACT
The human cell possesses hereditary material that is vital for cell replication and duplication and contains several parts, including a plasma membrane and various organelles, which are each designed to render both structure and function for the body. The creation of proteins from a gene is complex and consists of two integral steps: transcription and translation. Transcription and translation are part of the central dogma of molecular biology, which is the fundamental principle that governs the conversion of information from DNA to RNA to protein. The Human Genome Project (HGP) is initiates as a joint endeavor and sponsored by the Office of Biological and Environmental Research at the Department of Energy (DOE) and the National Human Genome Research Institute at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), with the goal of sequencing the human genome. There are six distinct techniques for DNA sequencing: dideoxy sequencing, cyclic array sequencing, sequencing by hybridization, microelectrophoresis, mass spectrometry, and nanopore sequencing.
