ABSTRACT
Epithelial lesions, benign 132 Adenoma, ductal (sclerosing papilloma) 132 Adenoma, nipple (florid papillomatosis of the nipple) 132 Adenomas, general 132
Tubular adenoma 133 Lactating adenoma 134 Pleomorphic adenoma 134 Apocrine adenoma 134
Adenosis, microglandular (MGA) 134 Adenosis, sclerosing 135 Adenosis, tubular 135 Columnar cell lesions 136 Epithelial hyperplasia: atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH) 136 Epithelial hyperplasia: ductal hyperplasia 136 Fibrocystic change and associated conditions 138 Mammary mucocele-like lesion 138 Papilloma 139
Intraduct papilloma 139 Intracystic papilloma 139 Breast papillomas with areas of atypical
proliferation 139 Radial scar and complex sclerosing lesion 140
Epithelial lesions, malignant 141 Carcinoma in situ 141
Carcinoma in situ, ductal (DCIS) 141 Non-comedo small-cell type DCIS (cribriform and
micropapillary) 145 Comedo-type DCIS 145 Neuroendocrine DCIS 145 Cystic hypersecretory DCIS 145 Spindle cell DCIS 145
Carcinoma in situ, indeterminate features (CIS-IF) 145 Carcinoma in situ, lobular (LCIS) 146 Carcinoma in situ, Paget’s disease of the breast 147
Invasive carcinoma 147 Invasive carcinoma of no special type (NST)/invasive
carcinoma not otherwise specified (NOS)/ ductal carcinoma 149
Lobular carcinoma 151 Medullary carcinoma 153 Mucinous (mucoid, colloid) carcinoma 153 Tubular and cribriform carcinoma 154 Tubulo-lobular carcinoma 155
Invasive carcinoma, variants 156 Adenoid cystic carcinoma 156 Apocrine carcinoma 157 Clear cell carcinoma 157 Histiocytoid carcinoma 157 Inflammatory carcinoma 157 Intracystic carcinoma 158 Irradiated carcinoma 158 Lipid-rich carcinoma 158 Metaplastic carcinoma (sarcomatoid carcinoma and carcino sarcomas) 158 Microinvasive carcinoma of the breast (MICB) 162 Micropapillary carcinoma 163 Papillary carcinomas 163 Secretory (juvenile) carcinoma 164 Signet ring cell carcinoma 164 Small cell carcinoma 165
Epithelial/stromal (biphasic) lesions 165 Adenomyoepithelioma (myoepithelioma) 165 Fibroadenoma 168 Myxoid fibroadenoma and allied conditions 171 Phyllodes tumor 171
Secondary metastasis from extramammary malignancies 173 Metastatic hemangiopericytoma 173 Metastatic malignant melanoma 174 Renal cell carcinoma 174
Stromal lesions 174 Collagenous spherulosis 174 Hamartoma 174 Lymphomas 176 Myofibroblastic lesions: inflammatory myofibroblastoma
tumor 176 Myofibroblastic lesions: myofibroblastoma 177 Myxamatous lesions 177 Periductal stromal sarcoma 177 Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia of the breast 178 Sarcomas of the breast 179
Solitary fibrous tumor 180 Sclerosing lymphocytic lobulitis (diabetic mastopathy) 180 Spindle cell stromal tumors of the breast 180 Vascular lesions of the breast 180
Breast cancer is the most common cancer affecting females. It comprises 18% of all female cancers and is the leading cause of
their lifetime, and over 14 000 women die from the disease each year. With the introduction of the breast screening program in the UK and the routine use of large-core needle biopsy utilizing stereotactic mammography or ultrasound guidance as the initial
non-malignant lesions which pose dilemmas with regard to the most appropriate clinical management.
