ABSTRACT
Bones are structures that make up the skeletal system and serve important mechanical and protective functions in the body. They provide the body with rigidity and shape, protect vital organs, and allow for bimodal locomotion. Bones that contain more mineral per unit area, and are therefore more “dense,” and bones with optimal microarchitectural integrity exhibit higher strength and resistance to fracture. Therefore, female athletes with higher bone mineral density (BMD) and optimal bone microstructure will be less likely to sustain a bone injury. Unfortunately, some female athletes exhibit low BMD and increased risk of bone injuries (including stress reactions and fractures) as well as premature osteoporosis. Consuming inadequate
Introduction ............................................................................................................ 229 Characteristics of Bone ..........................................................................................230 Stages of Bone Development ................................................................................. 231 Assessment of Bone Strength and Fracture Risk in Female Athletes .................... 232 Low Bone Mass and Fracture Risk in Sport ..........................................................234 Factors That Influence Bone Mass ......................................................................... 237
Genetics ............................................................................................................. 237 Lifestyle............................................................................................................. 237 Exercise ............................................................................................................. 238 Nutrition ............................................................................................................240
