ABSTRACT
On a microscopic level, many molecular processes occur on femtosecond (10−15 s) and picosecond (10−12 s) timescales. For example, electron and proton transfers take place in a few femtoseconds and picoseconds, respectively. Water molecules reorient in a few picoseconds in liquids and exchange their hydrogen-bond partners in several picoseconds in aqueous solutions [1,2]. Carbon-carbon bond rotates in tens of picoseconds [3]. Solvent molecules around a solute can reorganize on subpicosecond and picosecond timescales upon an electronic perturbation of the solute [4,5].
