ABSTRACT
When shiing rehabilitation strategies from prosthetic to regenerative, the unique and unusual features of dental, oral, and craniofacial tissues are of paramount importance. First, when the appendicular skeleton is derived from the mesoderm and forms bone through endochondral ossication, most of the craniofacial structures are a mixture of cranial-neural crest and the paraxial mesoderm (Akintoye et al. 2006). During facial development, the neural crest cells migrate, dierentiate, and subsequently participate in the morphogenesis of virtually all craniofacial structures, including cartilage (condyles and nasal septum), bone, nerves, salivary glands, ligaments, cranial sutures, musculature, tendons, the periodontium, and teeth (Mao et al. 2006; Bhatt and Le Anh 2009). Second, most dental, oral, and craniofacial structures are richly supplied with blood vessels. is is considered highly advantageous
28.1 Introduction .................................................................................... 28-1 28.2 Clinical Challenges of Dental, Oral, and Craniofacial
Bioengineering ................................................................................28-1 28.3 Bone Regeneration ..........................................................................28-2 28.4 Tooth Regeneration ........................................................................28-9 28.5 So-Tissue Regeneration .............................................................28-11 28.6 Concluding Remarks ....................................................................28-16 Acknowledgments ....................................................................................28-17 References ..................................................................................................28-17
when regenerative approaches are attempted. ird, many dental and oral structures commute with the external environment, which oers advantages for easy access and typically less surgical trauma when regenerative technologies are applied, but nonetheless present as microbial and potentially infectious environment for the survival of regenerating tissues (Bhatt and Le Anh 2009). Fourth, the restoration of dental, oral, and craniofacial tissues not only needs to consider functional outcome, but also esthetics (Zaky and Cancedda 2009). Fih, multiple tissue phenotypes are adjacent in many of dental, oral, and craniofacial structures, presenting additional challenges for biological restoration of tissue defects. Sixth, scar formation in the oral cavity is not nearly extensive as in the skin. Seventh, cells with properties of stem/progenitor cells have been identied in dental, oral, and craniofacial structures (Miura et al. 2006; Zhao et al. 2006; Mao 2008). e dental, oral, and craniofacial stem/progenitor cells are being explored for their potential in the healing of tissues they natively develop into, as well as nondental tissues (Mao et al. 2006; Miura et al. 2006; Zhao et al. 2006; Mao 2008; Yang et al. 2010).
