ABSTRACT
SAU-HUNG SPENCE LEUNG and JOSEPH R. ROBINSON / Universi ty of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
VINCENT H. L. LEE / Univers i ty of Southern California, Los Angeles , California
I . In t roduct ion 434
I I . Major Routes of Paren te ra l Administration 435 A. Subcutaneous 435 B . In t ramuscular 436 C. In t ravenous 436 D. In t raper i tonea l 436
I I I . Biopharmaceutics of Susta ined/Control led Release Paren te ra l Drug Products 437
IV. Biocompatibility of Polymeric Materials 440
V. Susta ined/Control led Release Paren te ra l Dosage Forms 442 A. Aqueous Solutions 443 B . Aqueous Suspensions 445 C. Oil Solutions 452 D. Oil Suspensions 455 E. Emulsions 455 F . Biocompatible Car r i e r s 459 G. Liposomes 460 H. Nanoparticles 462 I . Implants 462
J . Infusion Devices 463 K. P rod rugs 463
VI. Summary 464
References 465
The i n t r a v e n o u s , subcu taneous , in t ramuscular , i n t r ape r i tonea l , and in t ra theca l rou tes are all examples of pa ren te ra l rou tes of d r u g administrat ion. For a var ie ty of r e a s o n s , the most notable be ing phys i - ological and anatomical cons t r a in t s , not all of these are useful as rou tes for controlled d r u g del ivery . Up to the p r e s e n t , efforts in developing controlled release pa ren t e r a l dosage forms seem to have concent ra ted on the subcu taneous and in t ramuscular r ou t e s , r e su l t i ng in such p roduc t s as aqueous and oil suspens ions , oil solut ions, and implants .
