ABSTRACT
There are three phases of surveys for engineering and construction purposes: surveys prior to design, surveys prior to construction, and surveys after construction. The chapter discusses being one of the most basic applications of surveying, engineering and construction surveys utilize many of the basic surveying principles. Construction surveys, although fundamental in nature, can be rather complex in practice and are often developed on-site for special structures and situations. Construction staking for sewers is similar in some ways to staking for streets and highways. Subsurface horizontal control surveys are made primarily by traverse, triangulation being impossible in most instances. Mining surveys require some surveying on ground surface for exten-sion of horizontal and vertical control into mine and for measuring any ground subsidence or settling of the ground surface caused by subsurface mining. One of critical problems in surveying under-ground is to achieve accurate directions, referred to meridian which is reproducible and the same as used for ground control on the surface.
