ABSTRACT
This chapter discusses many various lighting models starting from the simplest ones. The light falling on a surface is usually scattered all over the upper hemisphere. If material is transparent then some light is also scattered inside the material. One of the simplest models to account for such highlights is the Phong lighting model. Another lighting model coming from astronomy, where it was used to model the lighting of asteroids, is the Lommel-Seeliger model. Parameters used in many lighting models are not intuitive and often have no corresponding physical properties. There are several lighting models which are based on physics and which satisfy several important physical principles such as energy conservation. Another well-known lighting model based on the microfacet model is the Cook-Torrance lighting model. Of course environment cubes as well as ambient cubes give only an approximation suitable to capture the effects which are difficult to capture by other means.
