ABSTRACT
Australian Shepherd Dog Cataracts: anterior cortical, nuclear (5-8
years of age)18, posterior polar subcapsular, triangular (18 months-3 years of age)1, 18
Collie eye anomaly18 Corectopia/dyscoria/coloboma/equatorial
staphyloma (homozygons merle): autosomal recessive trait36
Microcornea37 Microphthalmia/heterochromia Ocular coloboma/staphyloma without
microphthalmia21 Persistent pupillary membranes Progressive retinal atrophy (2-7 years of
age) Retinal detachment Retinal dysplasia: retinal folds Uveodermatologic syndrome (vitiligo and
uveitis syndrome)31
Australian Terrier Progressive retinal atrophy Retinal dysplasia: retinal folds18
Basenji Corneal dystrophy: endothelial,
epithelial/stromal Optic nerve coloboma Persistent pupillary membranes:
inherited trait18, 38 Posterior segment coloboma Progressive retinal atrophy18 Retinal detachment18
Basset Hound Cataracts22 Ectropion Entropion Eversion of the cartilage of the third
eyelid2 Iris cysts39 Mesodermal dysgenesis glaucoma25, 40 Oversized palpebral fissure23 Persistent pupillary membranes Primary glaucoma (narrow-or closed-
angle) Progressive retinal atrophy Redundant forehead skin23 Secondary glaucoma (subluxation of the
lens)20
Beagle Cataracts: incomplete dominant trait Corneal dystrophy: epithelial/stromal Distichiasis18 Ectropion27 Encircling third eyelid Iris cyst39 Micropapilla
(continued overleaf)
Beagle (continued) Microphthalmia/multiple ocular
anomalies Optic nerve hypoplasia Oval corneal opacity (corneal dystrophy) Palpebral neoplasia41 Persistent pupillary membranes Primary glaucoma (open-or narrow-
angle): autosomal recessive trait42 Progressive retinal atrophy Prolapse of the gland of the third eyelid Retinal dysplasia Tapetal cell degeneration: autosomal
recessive trait
Bearded Collie Cataracts (2-5-year old males)18 Congenital retinal detachment (complete
retinal dysplasia)43 Corneal dystrophy Persistent pupillary membranes18 Progressive retinal atrophy Retinal dysplasia: retinal folds21
Bedlington Terrier Cataracts Distichiasis Entropion44 Imperforate lacrimal punctum Micropalpebral fissure
Microphthalmia Nasolacrimal duct stenosis18 Progressive retinal atrophy Retinal dysplasia and detachment:
autosomal recessive18 Retinal dysplasia: retinal folds
Belgian Malinois Cataracts Progressive retinal atrophy21 Retinal dysplasia: retinal folds
Belgian Sheepdog (Belgian Shepherd Dog – Groenendael)
Cataracts18 Chronic superficial keratitis (pannus)2, 45 Micropapilla Persistent pupillary membranes Progressive retinal atrophy Retinal dysplasia: retinal folds Retinopathy (congenital blindness):
recessive trait
Belgian Tervuren Cataracts18 Chronic superficial keratitis (pannus) Micropapilla21 Persistent pupillary membranes Progressive retinal atrophy
Bernese Mountain Dog Cataracts Cataracts/retinal detachment39 Entropion
Progressive retinal atrophy Systemic histiocytosis
Bichon Frise Cataracts Corneal dystrophy: epithelial/stromal18, 27 Entropion18 Strabismus (exotropia)18 Distichiasis Persistent pupillary membranes Retinal dysplasia: retinal folds
Bloodhound Ectropion20 Ectropion/entropion Entropion Eversion of the cartilage of the third
eyelid Prolapse of the gland of third eyelid21 Keratoconjunctivitis sicca1 Macroblepharon Persistent pupillary membranes18 Redundant forehead skin20, 23
Black and Tan Coonhound Cataracts
Border Collie Cataracts (4-6 years of age)18 Central progressive retinal atrophy
(1-3 years of age) Ceroid lipofuscinosis Collie eye anomaly (choroidal
hypoplasia)18 Fibrous histiocytoma Lens luxation Persistent pupillary membranes Progressive retinal atrophy (2-5 years of
age) Proliferative keratoconjunctivitis20, 23 Retinal dysplasia: retinal folds
Border Terrier Cataracts18, 21, 22 Progressive retinal atrophy Retinal dysplasia: retinal folds18
Borzoi Cataracts (posterior pole; 1-4 years of
age)18 Chronic superficial keratitis
(pannus)2 Microphthalmia (multiple ocular
anomalies) Persistent pupillary membranes18 Progressive retinal atrophy Retinal degeneration Retinal dysplasia
Boston Terrier Cataracts, congenital: juvenile27; late-
onset45 Corneal endothelial dystrophy (average
age 7.5 years) Corneal dystrophy: epithelial/stromal Distichiasis
Entropion (medial)20 Glaucoma23 Hypertrophy (prolapse) of the gland of
the third eyelid Iris cyst2, 39 Keratoconjunctivitis sicca Persistent pupillary membranes Progressive retinal atrophy Refractory superficial corneal ulcer18, 47 Strabismus (exotropia)18, 23
Boykin Spaniel Cataracts21 Corneal dystrophy: epithelial/stromal Distichiasis Progressive retinal atrophy (retinal
atrophy: generalized) Retinal dysplasia: retinal folds
Bouvier des Flandres Cataracts (congenital)48 Entropion18, 22 Glaucoma49 Mesodermal dysgenesis glaucoma Persistent hyperplastic tunica vasculosa
lentis Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous50 Persistent pupillary membranes
Boxer Cataracts18 Central progressive retinal atrophy2, 18 Corneal dystrophy: epithelial/stromal Distichiasis Ectropion Entropion Nonpigmented third eyelid Progressive retinal atrophy Prolapse of the gland of the third eyelid Refractory superficial corneal ulcer
(basement membrane dystrophy)
Briard Cataracts Congenital stationary night blindness
(hereditary retinal dystrophy in Briards)22
Corneal dystrophy: epithelial/stromal Central progressive retinal atrophy
(inherited vitamin E deficiency)51-53 Progressive retinal atrophy
British Bulldog Cataracts18 Distichiasis Ectopic cilium Ectropion Ectropion/entropion Entropion (medial aspect of the lower
eyelid) Iris cyst39 Keratoconjunctivitis sicca Nasal fold trichiasis Oversized palpebral fissure
(euryblepharon)
Persistent pupillary membranes20 Prolapse of the gland of the third eyelid Redundant forehead skin23 Retinal dysplasia: retinal folds
Brittany Cataracts Distichiasis18 Glaucoma25 Iris cyst20 Lens luxation21 Progressive retinal atrophy Retinal dysplasia
Brussels Griffon Cataracts Distichiasis20, 23 Ectopic cilium21 Exposure keratopathy syndrome22 Optic nerve colobama Persistent pupillary membranes22 Progressive retinal atrophy18 Vitreous degeneration
Bullmastiff Cataracts21 Distichiasis Entropion Eversion of the cartilage of the third
eyelid Glaucoma18, 22 Persistent pupillary membranes22 Retinal dysplasia: retinal folds
Bull Terrier Ectropion22 Entropion Keratoconjunctivitis sicca54 Micropalpebral fissure
(blepharophimosis) Progressive retinal atrophy Prolapse (hypertrophy) of the gland of
the third eyelid21
Bull Terrier (Miniature) Entropion22 Lens luxation55
Cairn Terrier Cataracts18 Ectopic cilium20 Lens luxation with secondary
glaucoma Pigmentary glaucoma (ocular melanosis
with secondary glaucoma) Progressive retinal atrophy: recessive
trait56 Retinal dysplasia18
Cardigan Welsh Corgi Cataracts Central progressive retinal atrophy Distichiasis Entropion18 Lens luxation with secondary
glaucoma
Persistent corneal epithelial erosion1, 18 Persistent pupillary membranes Progressive retinal atrophy (rod-cone
dysplasia): recessive trait12, 22, 56 Refractory superficial corneal ulcer Retinal dysplasia: focal or
multifocal12, 18, 21
Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Cataracts18 Corneal dystrophy: epithelial/stromal Distichiasis23 Entropion Exposure keratopathy/macroblepharon22 Microphthalmia with multiple ocular
anomalies Posterior lenticonus, cataracts, and
microphthalmia (reported in Sweden)57
Progressive retinal atrophy (1-5 years of age)18, 22
Retinal dysplasia: geographic/detachment)22, retinal folds18
Chesapeake Bay Retriever Cataracts: dominant trait with
incomplete penetrance58 Central progressive retinal atrophy23 Distichiasis Entropion: lateral canthus, lower eyelid Eversion of the cartilage of the third
eyelid Persistent pupillary membranes21 Progressive retinal atrophy Retinal dysplasia:
geographic/detachment22, retinal folds18
Chihuahua Cataracts Corneal endothelial dystrophy (average
age of onset 9.5 years) Entropion Glaucoma18 Iridal atrophy20 Keratoconjunctivitis sicca Lens luxation and secondary glaucoma Persistent pupillary membranes Progressive retinal atrophy Trichiasis2 Vitreous degeneration
Chinese Crested Dog Cataracts Vitreous degeneration21
Chow Chow Anterior chamber cleavage syndrome2 Cataracts59 Chronic superficial keratitis (pannus)60 Corneal dystrophy, endothelial21 Displaced lacrimal punctum20 Ectropion18 Entropion
Entropion (lateral canthus) Glaucoma2, 61 Micropalpebral fissure
(blepharophimosis) Oversized palpebral fissure23 Persistent pupillary membranes:
inherited trait22, 62 Progressive retinal atrophy Redundant forehead skin
Clumber Spaniel Amaurosis18 Cataracts Ectropion Entropion Distichiasis Keratoconjunctivitis sicca Macroblepharon22 Microphthalmia21 Persistent pupillary membranes Retinal dysplasia: retinal folds21
Collie (Rough or Scotch, and Smooth) Cataracts18 Central progressive retinal atrophy18, 23 Collie eye anomaly: autosomal recessive
trait (choroidal hypoplasia, staphyloma/coloboma, retinal detachment, retinal hemorrhage, optic nerve coloboma)63
Corneal dystrophy Distichiasis Entropion secondary to enlarged
orbit/enophthalmos Fibrous histiocytoma Microcornea23 Micropalpebral fissure
(blepharophimosis)64 Microphthalmia Optic nerve hypoplasia2 Persistent pupillary membranes Progressive retinal atrophy (rod-cone
dysplasia): autosomal recessive trait16
Proliferative keratoconjunctivitis20 Retinal dysplasia: retinal folds Stationary night blindness
Coonhound Cataracts18 Central progressive retinal atrophy Ectropion Entropion21 Progressive retinal atrophy
Coonhound (Redbone Hound) Central progressive retinal atrophy2, 20, 23 Ectropion Entropion: inherited trait22
Coton de Tulear Cataracts65 Retinal dysplasia: folds/bullae22 Retinal atrophy (generalized)22
(continued overleaf)
Curly Coated Retriever Cataracts2 Corneal dystrophy, epithelial/stromal Distichiasis Ectropion18 Entropion20 Progressive retinal atrophy2
Dachshund Cataracts18 Chronic superficial keratitis (pannus):
inherited trait23, 45 Corneal dystrophy: endothelial inherited
trait, epithelial/stromal Dermoid: inherited trait2, 18 Distichiasis Ectopic cilium Entropion18 Glaucoma18 Keratoconjunctivitis sicca23 Micropapilla21 Microphthalmia/multiple ocular
anomalies Multiple ocular defects (homozygous
merle)21 Optic nerve coloboma Optic nerve hypoplasia2, 63 Persistent pupillary membranes Progressive retinal atrophy: recessive
trait suspected20 Punctate keratitis22 Recurrent epithelial erosion Uveodermatologic syndrome
Dachshund (Miniature) Chronic superficial keratitis (pannus) Progressive retinal atrophy
(degeneration): autosomal recessive20, 23, 66
Dalmatian Cataracts22 Ceroid lipofuscinosis67 Chronic superficial keratitis (pannus)18 Dermoid23 Distichiasis18 Entropion2 Glaucoma24, 68 Microphthalmia39 Progressive retinal atrophy
Dandie Dinmont Terrier Cataracts Entropion18 Glaucoma Mesodermal dysgenesis glaucoma61 Persistent pupillary membranes Refractory superficial corneal ulcer
Doberman Pinscher Anterior chamber cleavage
syndrome/microphthalmia/retinal dysplasia2, 69
Cataracts Coloboma
Distichiasis Enophthalmos18, 26 Entropion: lower eyelid, secondary to
enlarged orbit/enophthalmos/large zygoma
Eversion of the cartilage of the third eyelid20, 21
Microphakia, nuclear cataracts (7 months of age)
Microphthalmia with multiple ocular anomalies
Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous
Persistent hyperplastic tunica vasculosa lentis48, 70
Persistent pupillary membranes37 Progressive retinal atrophy Retinal dysplasia: retinal folds18
Dogue de Bordeaux Ectropion1 Entropion
English Cocker Spaniel Cataracts: recessive trait suspected Central progressive retinal atrophy
(inherited vitamin E deficiency)18, 51, 52 Distichiasis: dominant trait
suspected Ectropion22 Ectropion/entropion Entropion (lower eyelid) Glaucoma (narrow-angle) Imperforate lacrimal punctum Lens luxation18 Optic nerve coloboma (pits) Persistent pupillary membranes Progressive retinal atrophy (progressive
rod-cone degeneration: autosomal recessive)71
Retinal dysplasia: retinal folds
English Setter Cataracts24 Ceroid lipofuscinosis21, 72 Chalazion Corneal dystrophy: epithelial/stromal Distichiasis Ectropion Ectropion/entropion2 Entropion Eversion of the cartilage of the third
eyelid Keratoconjunctivitis sicca2 Macroblepharon18 Palpebral neoplasia41 Persistent pupillary membranes Progressive retinal atrophy Retinal dysplasia: retinal folds
English Springer Spaniel Cataracts18 Cataracts/lenticonus2 Central progressive retinal atrophy
Chronic superficial keratitis (pannus)18 Coloboma of the optic nerve18 Corneal dystrophy Distichiasis23 Ectropion2 Entropion20 Glaucoma73 Optic nerve hypoplasia17 Persistent pupillary membranes23 Progressive retinal atrophy Retinal dysplasia: retinal folds:
autosomal recessive trait Geographic detachment: autosomal recessive trait74
English Toy Spaniel (King Charles, Prince Charles, Ruby, Blenheim)
Cataracts21 Corneal dystrophy: epithelial/stromal Distichiasis Entropion Persistent hyaloid artery22 Persistent hyperplastic primary
vitreous/persistent hyperplastic tunica vasculosa lentis22
Retinal dysplasia: retinal folds21
Entlebucher Cataracts22
Field Spaniel Cataracts18 Distichiasis22 Progressive retinal atrophy21 Retinal dysplasia: retinal folds,
geographic21
Fila Brasileiro Ectropion2 Entropion
Finnish Spitz Cataracts22
Flat Coated Retriever Cataracts18 Distichiasis Ectropion18 Entropion Glaucoma22 Progressive retinal atrophy21
Fox Terrier (Smooth) Cataracts22, 75 Corneal epithelial dystrophy23 Glaucoma21, 22 Lens luxation with secondary glaucoma Persistent pupillary membranes Progressive retinal atrophy18 Trichiasis
Fox Terrier (Toy) Lens luxation with secondary
glaucoma Trichiasis23
Fox Terrier (Wire) Cataracts (juvenile) Corneal endothelial dystrophy Corneal epithelial dystrophy23 Distichiasis23 Entropion18 Glaucoma2, 76 Lens luxation with secondary glaucoma
(3-7 years of age)2 Progressive retinal atrophy Refractory corneal ulcer2
French Bulldog Cataracts Distichiasis21 Entropion Retinal dysplasia: retinal folds
German Pinscher Corneal dystrophy, epithelial/stromal22 Cataracts22
German Shepherd Dog Cataracts: congenital77, cortical Central progressive retinal atrophy
(reported in Europe) Chronic superficial keratitis (pannus)45 Coloboma Corneal dystrophy: epithelial/stromal18 Dermoid, conjunctiva, cornea, eyelid Ectropion18 Eversion of the cartilage of the third
eyelid Lens luxation18 Optic nerve hypoplasia2, 18 Oversized palpebral fissue
(euryblepharon), juvenile, transient23
Progressive retinal atrophy Retinal dysplasia: retinal folds,
geographic21 Third eyelid conjunctivitis (plasma cell
infiltration)20
German Shorthaired Pointer Cataracts18 Corneal dystrophy Distichiasis22 Entropion (lower eyelid) Eversion of the cartilage of the third
eyelid78 Hemeralopia22 Persistent hyperplastic primary
vitreous/persistent hyperplastic tunica vasculosa lentis22
Persistent pupillary membranes Progressive retinal atrophy Strabismus20 Retinal dysplasia: retinal folds
German Wirehaired Pointer Cataracts18 Entropion Retinal dysplasia: retinal folds
Golden Retriever Cataracts79-81 Central progressive retinal atrophy Coloboma of the optic nerve18 Corneal dystrophy: epithelial/stromal18, 47 Distichiasis2 Ectropion Enophthalmos Entropion Iris cyst Glaucoma Optic nerve hypoplasia18 Persistent pupillary membranes62 Progressive retinal atrophy Pigmentary keratitis22 Retinal dysplasia: retinal folds,
geographic/detachment Uveodermatologic syndrome (vitiligo and
uveitis syndrome)31
Gordon Setter Cataracts18 Ectropion Entropion (lower eyelid)/macroblepharon Keratoconjunctivitis sicca2 Persistent pupillary membranes22 Progressive retinal atrophy Retinal dysplasia: retinal folds2
Great Dane Cataracts Ciliary body cyst22 Distichiasis Ectropion Ectropion/entropion Enophthalmos Entropion secondary to enlarged
orbit/enophthalmos Eversion of the cartilage of the third
eyelid2 Glaucoma2, 25 Hemeralopia18 Mesodermal dysgenesis Microphthalmia Multiple ocular anomalies (homozygous
merle)79 Progressive retinal atrophy Retinal dysplasia (harlequin)
Great Pyrenees (Pyrenean Mountain Dog)
Ectropion (lateral aspect of the eyelid)/entropion (medial aspect of the eyelid)
Entropion Persistent pupillary membranes Progessive retinal atrophy21
Greater Swiss Mountain Dog Cataracts22 Distichiasis
Greyhound Cataracts Chronic superficial keratitis (pannus)83
Corneal dystrophy Distichiasis Lens luxation22 Optic nerve hypoplasia22 Persistent hyperplastic primary
vitreous84 Progressive retinal atrophy
Griffon See Brussels Griffon
Havanese (Toy) Cataracts Distichiasis22 Persistent pupillary membranes18 Progressive retinal atrophy Retinal detachment21 Vitreous degeneration22
Ibizan Hound Cataracts18, 21 Retinal dysplasia2
Irish Setter Amblyopia with quadriplegia85, 86 Anterior chamber cleavage
syndrome2 Cataracts Central progressive retinal atrophy Corneal dystrophy23 Distichiasis Enophthalmos Entropion Entropion secondary to enlarged
orbit/enophthalmos/large zygoma Eversion of the cartilage of the third
eyelid18 Lens luxation2, 18 Optic nerve hypoplasia2 Persistent hyperplastic primary
vitreous18 Persistent pupillary membranes Progressive retinal atrophy (rod-cone
dysplasia): autosomal recessive trait18, 87
Uveodermatologic syndrome (vitiligo and uveitis syndrome)31
Persistent hyaloid artery22
Irish Terrier Cataracts Progressive retinal atrophy21
Irish Water Spaniel Cataracts18 Distichiasis Entropion Persistent pupillary membranes Progressive retinal atrophy18, 21
Irish Wolfhound Cataracts18 Corneal dystrophy: epithelial/stromal22 Distichiasis Entropion21
(continued overleaf)
Irish Wolfhound (continued) Eversion of the cartilage of the third
eyelid18
Italian Greyhound Cataracts2 Corneal dystrophy18 Glaucoma21 Iris cyst Micropapilla22 Optic nerve hypoplasia18 Persistent pupillary membranes Progressive retinal atrophy Retinal degeneration (generalized)22 Vitreal degeneration21
Jack Russell Terrier Cataracts22 Lens luxation with secondary glaucoma
Japanese Chin Cataracts Distichiasis22 Entropion Progressive retinal atrophy18
Keeshond Cataracts18 Central progressive retinal atrophy Distichiasis22 Ectopic cilium20 Glaucoma Optic nerve hypoplasia18 Progressive retinal atrophy
Kerry Blue Terrier Cataracts18 Distichiasis Entropion (lower eyelid) Keratoconjunctivitis sicca23, 54 Micropalpebral fissure
(blepharophimosis) Progressive retinal atrophy Trichiasis (upper lateral)23
Komondor Cataracts18 Entropion
Kuvasz Cataracts18 Entropion22 Distichiasis2 Persistent pupillary membranes22 Progressive retinal atrophy
Labrador Retriever Cataracts: dominant or incomplete
dominant trait81 Central progressive retinal atrophy:
incomplete dominant trait suspected Corneal dystrophy: epithelial/stromal Corneal opacity20, 23 Distichiasis23 Ectropion18 Enophthalmos
Entropion (lateral canthus) Entropion (lower eyelid)2 Iris melanoma Nystagmus23 Persistent hyaloid Persistent hyperplastic primary
vitreous/persistent hyperplastic tunica vasculosa lentis22
Persistent pupillary membranes22 Progressive retinal atrophy (progressive
rod-cone degeneration): autosomal recessive
Retinal detachment (retinal dysplasia)18 Retinal dysplasia: autosomal recessive
trait Focal or geographic detachment, without skeletal dysplasia: presumed autosomal recessive Folds, geographic/detachment with skeletal defects: presumed incomplete dominant trait62, 88
Lakeland Terrier Cataracts18 Distichiasis23 Lens luxation89 Persistent pupillary membranes17
Large Munsterlander Cataracts90
Leonbèrger Persistent pupillary membranes22 Cataracts
Lhasa Apso Aberrant dermis Cataracts2, 18 Ciliated caruncle22 Corneal dystrophy18 Distichiasis Ectopic cilium2, 23 Entropion Entropion (medial lower eyelid)2 Exposure keratopathy
syndrome/macroblepharon Imperforate lacrimal puncta22 Keratoconjunctivitis sicca54 Lagophthalmos/exophthalmos Macroblepharon Persistent pupillary membranes Progressive retinal atrophy21 Prolapse of the gland of the third eyelid Traumatic proptosis
Lowchen Cataracts Progressive retinal atrophy21 Persistent pupillary membranes22 Retinal atrophy (generalized)22 Vitreous degeneration
Maltese Caruncular trichiasis2 Cataracts
Distichiasis Entropion Epiphora Glaucoma18 Persistent hyaloid remnant22 Progressive retinal atrophy Retinal dysplasia, retinal folds2, 18
Manchester Terrier (Toy and Standard) Cataracts22, 44 Lens luxation with secondary
glaucoma18, 75 Progressive retinal atrophy
Mastiff Cataracts22 Corneal dystrophy18 Ectropion23 Entropion Macroblepharon/exposure keratopathy
syndrome Persistent pupillary membranes Progressive retinal atrophy21 Retinal dysplasia: retinal folds
Miniature Bull Terrier Lens luxation22 Persistent pupillary membrane22
Miniature Pinscher Cataracts Chronic superficial keratitis (pannus)18 Corneal dystrophy: epithelial/stromal21 Entropion (medial canthus)23 Keratoconjunctivitis sicca Progressive retinal atrophy20 Vitreous degeneration
Neapolitan Mastiff Cataracts21 Dermoid Ectropion/macroblepharon21 Entropion Eversion of the cartilage of the third
eyelid2 Persistent pupillary membranes Progressive retinal atrophy Prolapse of the gland of the third eyelid2
Newfoundland Anterior chamber cleavage syndrome18 Cataracts21 Ectropion Ectropion (lateral aspect of the
eyelid)/entropion (medial aspect of the eyelid)
Entropion (lateral canthus) Eversion of the cartilage of the third
eyelid Iris cyst Macroblepharon21, 64 Prolapse of the gland of the third
eyelid22 Retinal dysplasia: retinal folds22
Norbottenspets Cataracts22
Norfolk Terrier Cataracts18 Coloboma of the optic disk18 Lens luxation89
Norwegian Buhund Cataracts22
Norwegian Elkhound Cataracts Distichiasis23 Entropion (lateral canthus)2, 91 Glaucoma2, 92, 93 Lens luxation Progressive retinal atrophy:
Rod dysplasia: autosomal recessive trait Early rod degeneration: autosomal recessive trait
Persistent pupillary membranes22 Retinal dysplasia: retinal folds22
Norwich Terrier Corneal dystrophy18 Lens luxation89
Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever Cataracts21 Corneal dystrophy: epithelial/stromal Distichiasis Persistent pupillary membranes22 Progressive retinal atrophy
Old English Sheepdog Cataracts (congenital): recessive trait
suspected94 Distichiasis20 Entropion Microphthalmia/cataracts: multiple
ocular anomalies Persistent pupillary membranes22 Progressive retinal atrophy18, 23 Retinal detachment/cataracts21 Retinal dysplasia: retinal folds18 Uveodermatologic syndrome
Papillon Cataracts18 Corneal dystrophy21 Entropion Persistent pupillary membranes22 Progressive retinal atrophy95, 96 Vitreous degeneration22
Pekingese Aberrant dermis (medial canthus) Caruncular trichiasis (ciliated
caruncle)18, 21 Cataracts Distichiasis: dominant trait
suspected Ectopic cilium23 Entropion (lower medial eyelid)
Exposure keratopathy syndrome/macroblepharon1, 2
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca Lacrimal punctum atresia Lagophthalmos/exophthalmos Lens luxation18 Macroblepharon Nasal fold trichiasis Pigmentary keratitis Progressive retinal atrophy Traumatic proptosis Trichiasis (lateral upper eyelid) Ulcerative keratitis
Pembroke Welsh Corgi Cataracts18 Corneal dystrophy (vascularization)18 Distichiasis22 Lens luxation Persistent pupillary membranes Progressive retinal atrophy21 Retinal dysplasia: retinal folds,
geographic/detachment18, 22
Petit Basset Griffon Vendeen Cataracts Corneal dystrophy: endothelial22 Persistent pupillary membranes Pigment deposition on posterior corneal
surface; possible persistent pupillary membranes18
Retinal dysplasia: retinal folds18
Pharoah Hound Cataracts22 Optic nerve hypoplasia18
Pointer Cataracts: dominant trait Chronic superficial keratitis (pannus) Corneal dystrophy18 Entropion18, 23 Progressive retinal atrophy Retinal dysplasia: retinal folds22
Polski Owczarek Nizinny (Polish Owczarek Nizinni, Polish Lowland Sheepdog)
Central progressive retinal atrophy22 Ceroid lipofuscinosis72 Persistent pupillary membranes22
Pomeranian Blepharophimosis18 Cataracts (2-4 years of age)18 Distichiasis27 Entropion Epiphora Lacrimal punctum atresia Progressive retinal atrophy21 Trichiasis27
Poodle (Miniature and Toy) Caruncular trichiasis18 Cataracts (juvenile): autosomal recessive Chronic superficial keratitis (pannus)
Corneal dystrophy: endothelial, epithelial20, 27
Distichiasis: dominant trait suspected Entropion (medial lower eyelid) Epiphora Glaucoma (open-or narrow-angle) Hemeralopia (Miniature Poodle) Imperforate lacrimal punctum Iridal atrophy20, 23 Lens luxation24 Microphthalmia Optic nerve hypoplasia63 Optic nerve micropapilla Persistent pupillary membranes22 Progressive retinal atrophy (progressive
rod-cone degeneration): autosomal recessive97
Recurrent epithelial erosion (basement membrane dystrophy)27
Retinal detachment18 Trichomegaly20, 23 Vitreous degeneration22
Poodle (Standard) Cataracts: recessive trait suspected98 Congenital night blindness18 Distichiasis Entropion Glaucoma Imperforate lacrimal punctum Microphthalmia21 Microphthalmia/cataracts/persistent
pupillary membranes/keratopathy2 Optic nerve hypoplasia2 Optic nerve micropapilla Persistent pupillary membranes Progressive retinal atrophy Vitreous degeneration22
Portuguese Water Dog Cataracts21 Distichiasis Microphthalmia and multiple congenital
anomalies18, 21 Persistent pupillary membranes Progressive retinal atrophy (progressive
rod-cone degeneration): autosomal recessive
Pug Aberrant dermis (medial)1, 18 Caruncular trichiasis18 Corneal dystrophy23 Distichiasis2 Entropion (medial lower eyelid) Exposure keratopathy
syndrome/macroblepharon Lagophthalmos/exophthalmos/macroblep
haron Nasal fold trichiasis Pigmentary keratitis Progressive retinal atrophy21 Traumatic proptosis
(continued overleaf)
Pug (continued) Trichiasis2 Ulcerative keratitis
Puli Cataracts18 Progressive retinal atrophy18 Retinal dysplasia: retinal folds
Rhodesian Ridgeback Cataracts18 Distichiasis22 Entropion Eversion of the cartilage of the third
eyelid Persistent pupillary membranes Progressive retinal atrophy21
Rottweiler Amaurosis22 Cataracts: congenital, inherited2, 99 Corneal dystrophy: epithelial/stromal22 Distichiasis Entropion, lateral canthus and lower
eyelid2, 23, 27, secondary to enlarged orbit/enophthalmos/large zygoma
Iris coloboma (inherited)21 Iris cyst18 Microphthalmia Oversized palpebral fissure
(macroblepharon) Persistent pupillary membranes Progressive retinal atrophy43 Refractory superficial corneal ulcer18 Retinal degeneration Retinal detachment18 Retinal dysplasia: retinal folds21, 43
Saint Bernard Cataracts Dermoid Distichiasis Ectropion Ectropion (lateral aspect of the lower
eyelid)/entropion (medial aspect of the lower eyelid)
Entropion (lateral canthus)27 Eversion of the cartilage of the third
eyelid Microphthalmia Multiple ocular anomalies21, 100 Oversized palpebral fissure
(macroblepharon)23 Prolapse of the gland of the third eyelid Redundant facial skin20, 23 Uveodermatologic syndrome (vitiligo and
uveitis syndrome)31
Saluki Cataracts21 Corneal dystrophy101 Entropion22 Iridocorneal angle abnormality
(glaucoma)25 Persistent pupillary membranes
Posterior suture line imperfection2 Progressive retinal atrophy Retinal detachment20 Retinal dysplasia23
Samoyed Cataracts Coloboma of the optic nerve Corneal dystrophy: stromal2, 37, epithelial Distichiasis18 Entropion Glaucoma22, 25 Mesodermal dysgenesis
(goniodysgenesis)25 Microphthalmos Persistent pupillary membranes23 Primary glaucoma Progressive retinal atrophy (3 years of
age at onset): presumed autosomal recessive102
Refractory superficial corneal ulcer2, 18 Retinal detachment and cataracts with
skeletal dwarfism18, 103 Retinal dysplasia: folds/detachment with
skeletal dwarfism22 Geographic/detachment20, 27
Uveodermatologic syndrome30
Schipperke Cataracts18 Distichiasis Entropion Narrow palpebral fissure23 Persistent pupillary membranes Progressive retinal atrophy
Schnauzer (Giant) Cataracts18 Glaucoma18 Progressive retinal atrophy Retinal dysplasia: retinal folds
Schnauzer (Miniature) Cataracts: congenital (microphthalmia,
posterior lenticonus): simple autosomal recessive trait104 Juvenile: autosomal recessive trait21, 44
Ceroid lipofuscinosis: presumed autosomal recessive22
Corneal dystrophy20 Distichiasis Entropion (medial lower eyelid)27 Keratoconjunctivitis sicca Lacrimal punctum atresia Microcornea Optic nerve hypoplasia18 Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous27 Persistent pupillary membranes23 Progressive retinal atrophy (rod-cone
dysplasia)105 Retinal atrophy: low amplitude
electroretinogram22 Retinal dysplasia: retinal folds18
Schnauzer (Standard) Cataracts Congenital cataracts and microcornea18 Corneal dystrophy: epithelial/stromal22 Distichiasis Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous20 Retinal atrophy (generalized)22 Retinal dysplasia: retinal folds
Scottish Deerhound Cataracts18
Scottish Terrier Cataracts Lens luxation Persistent pupillary membranes23 Progressive retinal atrophy21
Sealyham Terrier Cataracts: recessive trait suspected Glaucoma2, 25 Imperforate lacrimal punctum Lens luxation with secondary glaucoma Progressive retinal atrophy Retinal dysplasia: retinal folds: presumed
autosomal recessive Geographic/detachment: presumed autosomal recessive18
Shar Pei Blepharitis Cataracts Corneal dystrophy: epithelial/stromal Ectropion/entropion Entropion Glaucoma Lens luxation Mesodermal dysgenesis glaucoma Progressive retinal atrophy21 Prolapse of the gland of the third eyelid Redundant facial skin Retinal dysplasia (cataracts)18 Strabismus (esotropia)18
Shetland Sheepdog Amaurosis18 Cataracts21 Central progressive retinal atrophy39 Choroidal hypoplasia (Collie eye
anomaly) Corneal dystrophy (bilateral, central,
circular) (6 months-4 years at diagnosis)2, 18, 103
Distichiasis2 Ectopic cilium20 Micropalpebral fissure
(blepharophimosis)20 Optic nerve coloboma Optic nerve hypoplasia18 Persistent pupillary membranes Progressive retinal atrophy Retinal dysplasia: retinal folds2, 18 Uveodermatologic syndrome30, 107
Shiba Inu Cataracts22 Distichiasis22 Persistent pupillary membranes22
Shih Tzu Aberrant dermis Caruncular trichiasis (ciliated
caruncle)18, 22 Cataracts18 Distichiasis Ectopic cilium Entropion (medial lower eyelid) Exophthalmos/lagophthalmos Exposure keratopathy
syndrome/macroblepharon Oversized palpebral fissure
(macroblepharon) Pigmentary keratitis Progressive retinal atrophy Retinal detachment18 Traumatic proptosis Ulcerative keratitis Vitreous degeneration18
Siberian Husky Cataracts Chronic superficial keratitis (pannus)23 Corneal dystrophy: endothelial27
Epithelial/stromal: presumed autosomal recessive108
Distichiasis22 Entropion Glaucoma (goniodysgenesis)61, 92, 93 Glaucoma2, 68 Lens luxation22 Palpebral neoplasia Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous22 Persistent pupillary membranes2, 23 Progressive retinal atrophy: presumed
x-linked21 Retinal dysplasia: retinal folds18 Uveitis22 Uveodermatologic syndrome30, 54
Silky Terrier Cataracts Persistent pupillary membranes18 Progressive retinal atrophy
Skye Terrier Distichiasis Lens luxation18
Soft Coated Wheaten Terrier Cataracts18 Distichiasis22 Microphthalmia with multiple ocular
anomalies22 Optic nerve hypoplasia18 Persistent hyaloid artery22 Persistent pupillary membranes Progressive retinal atrophy21 Retinal dysplasia: retinal folds22
Spinoni Italiani Cataracts22 Ectropion21
Spitz Progressive retinal atrophy
Staffordshire Bull Terrier (English) Cataracts (juvenile): recessive trait
suspected Entropion21 Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous
and lenticonus109 Progressive retinal atrophy
Sussex Spaniel Cataracts Distichiasis Entropion21 Retinal dysplasia: retinal folds18, 21
Swiss Hound Progressive retinal atrophy (rare)22
Tibetan Mastiff Persistent pupillary membranes18
Tibetan Spaniel Cataracts22 Distichiasis22 Entropion Micropapilla Microphthalmia18 Persistent pupillary membranes18 Progressive retinal atrophy18, 21
Tibetan Terrier Cataracts Central progressive retinal atrophy
(rare)18 Ceroid lipofuscinosis Distichiasis22 Lens luxation: autosomal recessive trait
suspected110, 111 Persistent pupillary membranes23 Progressive retinal atrophy112, 113
Nyctalopia112 Retinal dysplasia: geographic21
Vizsla Cataracts21 Corneal dystrophy: epithelial/stromal22 Entropion18 Progressive retinal atrophy
Weimaraner Cataracts and retinal dysplasia18 Corneal dystrophy (1-8 years of age)18 Distichiasis2 Enlarged orbit Entropion: lower eyelid27, secondary to
enlarged orbit/enophthalmos Eversion of the cartilage of the third
eyelid Medial canthal pocket syndrome18 Progressive retinal atrophy18 Refractory superficial corneal ulcer18, 47
Welsh Springer Spaniel Cataracts: autosomal recessive trait114 Distichiasis21 Glaucoma: autosomal dominant trait73 Persistent pupillary membranes18 Progressive retinal atrophy (5-7 years
of age)
Welsh Terrier Cataracts18 Distichiasis22 Glaucoma73 Keratoconjunctivitis sicca22 Lens luxation (secondary
glaucoma)20, 24, 89, 90 Persistent pupillary membranes22
West Highland White Terrier Cataracts: autosomal recessive trait115 Keratoconjunctivitis sicca Lens luxation Microphthalmia18 Persistent pupillary membranes18 Retinal atrophy (generalized)22 Retinal dysplasia: retinal folds
Whippet Cataracts18, 21 Corneal stromal lipid dystrophy Lens luxation (8-10 years of age)1 Micropapilla18 Progressive retinal atrophy Vitreous degeneration21, 22
Yorkshire Terrier Cataracts (3-6 years of age) Corneal dystrophy: epithelial/stromal18, 22 Distichiasis20 Entropion Keratoconjunctivitis sicca Persistent pupillary membranes (rare) Progressive retinal atrophy (5-11 years
of age)2, 18, 21 Retinal dysplasia:
geographic/detachment18, (reported in Europe): hereditary/recessive trait suspected
Subepithelial geographic corneal dystrophy (in puppies)2, 18
Abyssinian Retinal degeneration116, 117
Burmese Dermoid Third eyelid gland prolapse
Himalayan Corneal sequestration
Manx Corneal dystrophy118
Persian Corneal sequestration
Siamese Corneal sequestration
Table 15.3 Breed predisposition to eye disease in horses
American Saddlebred Cataracts119
Appaloosa Cataracts120, 121 Congenital hypertropia122 Congenital stationary night blindness123 Equine recurrent uveitis121 Glaucoma optic disc coloboma Iris hypoplasia124 Microphthalmos124 Scleral ectasia124
Arabian Cataracts
Belgian Draft Horse Aniridia (iris hypoplasia)125, 126 Cataracts24 Limbal dermoid124
Kentucky Mountain Saddle Horse Cataracts: presumed semidominant Choroidal hypoplasia Ciliary body cyst Dyscoria: presumed semidominant Goniosynechial/absence of iridocorneal
angle/primary pectinate ligament dysplasia124, 127
Iris coloboma Iris hypoplasia: presumed semidominant Hypertelorism Macroblepharon Macrocornea (cornea globosa): presumed
semidominant Microphthalmos with multiple ocular
anomalies Miosis Optic nerve hypoplasia Persistent pupillary membranes Lens subluxation Retinal cyst Retinal dysplasia: presumed
semidominant Retinal detachment Retinal pigment epithelial proliferation
(‘high-water marker’) of previous retinal detachment127
Vitreous degeneration
Miniature Horse Cataracts: presumed semidominant Choroidal hypoplasia
Ciliary body cyst Dyscoria: presumed semidominant127 Goniosynechial/absence of iridocorneal
angle/primary pectinate ligament dysplasia124, 127
Hypertelorism Iris coloboma Iris hypoplasia: presumed semidominant Lens subluxation Macroblepharon Macroconea (cornea globosa): presumed
semidominant127 Macrophthalmos with multiple ocular
anomalies Miosis Optic nerve hypoplasia Persistent pupillary membranes Retinal cyst Retinal detachment Retinal dysplasia: presumed
semidominant Retinal pigment epithelial proliferation
(‘high-water marker’) of previous retinal detachment127
Vitreous degeneration
Morgan Horse Cataracts, nuclear128 Glaucoma Retinal dysplasia and detachment
Mountain Pleasure Horse Cataracts: presumed semidominant Choroidal hypoplasia 127 Ciliary body cyst Dyscoria: presumed semidominant Goniosynechiae/absence of iridocorneal
angle/primary pectinate ligament dysplasia124, 127
Hypertelorism Iris coloboma Iris hypoplasia: presumed semidominant Lens subluxation Macroblepharon Macroconea (cornea globosa): presumed
semidominant127 Macrophthalmos with multiple ocular
anomalies Miosis Optic nerve hypoplasia124 Persistent pupillary membranes
Retinal cyst Retinal detachment Retinal dysplasia: presumed
semidominant124, 127 Retinal pigment epithelial proliferation
(‘high-water marker’) of previous retinal detachment127
Vitreous degeneration
Paso Fino Congenital stationary night blindness129 Glaucoma119
Rocky Mountain Horse Anterior segment dysgenesis127 Cataracts: presumed semidominant124 Choroidal hypoplasia Ciliary body cyst Dyscoria: presumed semidominant Goniosynechiae/absence of iridocorneal
angle/primary pectinate ligament dysplasia124, 127
Hypertelorism Iris coloboma Iris hypoplasia: presumed
semidominant127 Lens subluxation Macroblepharon Macroconea (cornea globosa) presumed
semidominant127 Macrophthalmos with multiple ocular
anomalies127 Miosis Optic nerve hypoplasia Persistent pupillary membranes Retinal cyst Retinal detachment Retinal dysplasia: presumed
semidominant127 Retinal pigment epithelial proliferation
(‘high-water marker’) of previous retinal detachment124, 127
Vitreous degeneration
Quarter Horse Cataracts120 Coloboma Entropion Iris hypoplasia (aniridia)121 Limbal dermoid124
Shetland Pony Cataracts: presumed semidominant124 Choroidal hypoplasia Ciliary body cyst Dyscoria: presumed semidominant Goniosynechiae/absence of iridocorneal
angle/primary pectinate ligament dysplasia124, 127
Hypertelorism Iris coloboma Iris hypoplasia: presumed semidominant Lens subluxation Macroblepharon Macrocornea (cornea globosa): presumed
semidominant127
Macrophthalmos with multiple ocular anomalies
Miosis Optic nerve hypoplasia Persistent pupillary membranes Retinal cyst Retinal detachment Retinal dysplasia: presumed
semidominant Retinal pigment epithelial proliferation
(‘high-water marker’) of previous retinal detachment127
Vitreous degeneration
Standardbred Congenital stationary night blindness Retinal detachments119
Thoroughbred Cataracts: presumed dominant
trait120, 130 Nuclear: presumed dominant trait124
Entropion Microphthalmia associated with multiple
ocular anomalies Progressive retinal atrophy123, 131 Retinal dysplasia and detachment131
Warmbloods Glaucoma119
Table 15.4 Breed disposition to eye disease in cattle
Aberdeen Angus Heterochromia iridis
Austrian Murboden Heterochromia iridis132
Ayrshire Esotropia133, 134, 135 Heterochomia iridis132
Brown Swiss (Braunviek) Estropia133, 134, 135 Heterochromia iridis132 Supranumerary openings of the
nasolacrimal system136
Charolais Coloboma137, 138
Guernsey Heterochromia iridis132
Jersey Aniridia Congenital cataracts: autosomal
recessive139 Convergent strabismus with
exophthalmia: recessive133, 135, 140 Microphthalmia Multiple ocular anomalies141
Hereford Coloboma with albinism142 Congenital cataracts139 Dermoid143 Retinal dysplasia
Holstein Esotropia133, 134, 135 Heterochomia iridis132
Holstein-Friesian Congenital cataracts139
Shorthorn Convergent strabismus with
exophthalmia133, 135, 140 Multiple ocular anomalies144, 145, 146 Retinal dysplasia with multiple ocular
anomalies144, 145
1 Whitley RD (1988) Focusing on eye disorders among purebred dogs. Veterinary Medicine 83:50-63.
