Abbreviations

DSME diabetes self-management education DVLA Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency

EASD European Association for the Study of Diabetes

ECD expanded criteria donor ECG electrocardiogram ED50 effective dose of insulin that produces

50% of maximal effect eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate EGIR European Group for the Study of Insulin

Resistance eNOS endothelial nitric oxide synthase EPIC Evaluation of Platelet IIb/IIIa Inhibition

for Prevention of Ischemic Complications (trial)

EPILOG Evaluation of PTCA to Improve Long-term Outcome by c7E3 GP IIb/IIIa Receptor Blockade (trial)

EPISTENT Evaluation of Platelet IIb/IIIa Inhibitor for Stenting (trial)

ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate ESRD end-stage renal disease ETDRS Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy

Study

FDA Food and Drug Administration FEV1 forced expiratory volume in 1 second FFA free fatty acids FIELD Fenofibrate Intervention and Event

Lowering in Diabetes (study) FPG fasting plasma glucose FSH follicle-stimulating hormone FTO fused-toe gene

AACE American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists

ABX abciximab ACEI angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor acyl-CoA acyl-coenzyme-A ADA American Diabetes Association ADP adenosine diphosphate AGE advanced glycation endproducts AGI a-glucosidase inhibitor ALLHAT Anti-Hypertensive and Lipid-Lowering

Treatment to Prevent Heart Attacks Trials AMPK AMP-activated protein kinase ARB angiotensin-receptor blocker ATP adenosine triphosphate AUC area under the curve

BARI Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (trial)

BENEDICT Bergamo Nephrologic Diabetes Complications Trial

BMI body mass index BP blood pressure BUN blood urea nitrogen

C4 complement 4 CABG coronary artery bypass grafting CAD coronary artery disease cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate CAPD continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis CARDS Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study CARE Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (trial) CHF congestive heart failure CK-MB creatine kinase, muscle-brain type CNS central nervous system CRP C-reactive protein CSF cerebrospinal fluid CSII continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion CT computed tomography CVD cardiovascular disease

GAD glutamic acid decarboxylase GADA glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody GBM glomerular basement membrane GDM Gestational diabetes mellitus GFAT glutamine:fructose-6 phosphate amido-

transferase GFR glomerular filtration rate GIP glucose-dependent insulinotrophic

peptide GIR glucose infusion rate GLP glucagon-like peptide GLUT glucose transporter protein

HAPO Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (study)

HbA1c glycated hemoglobin HDL high-density lipoprotein HGO hepatic glucose output HLA histocompatibility leukocyte antigen H/Ma hemorrhages or microaneurysms HNF hepatic nuclear factor HONK hyperosmolar nonketotic hyperglycemia HOT Hypertension Optimal Treatment (trial) HHS hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state

IAA insulin autoantibody IA-2 insulinoma-associated antigen-2 IADPSG International Association of the Diabetes

and Pregnancy Study Groups IAPP islet amyloid polypeptide IDF International Diabetes Federation IDNT Irbesartan Type 2 Diabetic Nephropathy

Trial IFCC International Federation of Clinical

Chemistry IFG impaired fasting glycemia IGF insulin-like growth factor IgG immunoglobulin G IGT impaired glucose tolerance IPF-1 insulin promoter factor-1 IR immunoreactive (insulin) IRMA intraretinal microvascular abnormalities IRMA-2 Irbesartan in Patients with Type 2

Diabetes and Microalbuminuria (study)

KATP ATP-sensitive potassium (channel) Km Michaelis constant KPD ketosis-prone diabetes

LADA latent autoimmune diabetes of adults LDL low-density lipoprotein LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol LH luteinizing hormone LIFE Losartan Intervention for Endpoint

Reduction (study) LIPID Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin

in Ischemic Disease (trial)

MDI multiple daily insulin injections MDRD Modification of Diet in Renal Disease

(formula) MHC major histocompatibility complex Micro-HOPE Micro-Heart Outcomes Prevention

Evaluation (study) MODY maturity onset diabetes of the young MNT medical nutrition therapy MRFIT Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial MRI magnetic resonance imaging

NAD nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADPH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

phosphate NAVIGATOR Nateglinide and Valsartan in Impaired

Glucose Tolerance Outcomes Research (trial)

NCEP National Cholesterol Education Program NDDG National Diabetes Data Group NEFA nonesterified fatty acids NFκB nuclear factor-kappa B NICE National Institute for Health and Clinical

Excellence NICE-SUGAR Normoglycaemia in Intensive Care

Evaluation and Survival Using Glucose Algorithm Regulation (study)

NIDDM noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus NIMGU noninsulin-mediated glucose uptake NPDR nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy NPH neutral protamine Hagedorn NVD neovascularization near the optic disk NVE neovascularization elsewhere

OGTT oral glucose tolerance test OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation

and Development OHA oral hypoglycemic agents

PARP poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase PDE5 phosphodiesterase type-5 PDR proliferative diabetic retinopathy PKC protein kinase C PKC-b protein kinase C-beta PPAR peroxisome proliferator-activated

receptor PTCA percutaneous transluminal coronary

angioplasty

RAGE advanced glycation endproduct receptor RENAAL Reduction of Endpoints in NIDDM with

the Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan (trial)

RIA radio-immunoassay ROS reactive oxygen species RNA ribonucleic acid

SGLT sodium-glucose co-transporter SMBG self-monitored blood glucose STOP-Study to Prevent NIDDM (trial) NIDDM SU sulfonylurea

TRIPOD Troglitazone in the Prevention of Diabetes (study)

TZD thiazolidinedione

UDP uridine diphosphate UGDP University Group Diabetes Program UKPDS UK Prospective Diabetes Study

VA-HIT Veterans Affairs HDL Intervention Trial VB venous beading VCAM vascular cell adhesion molecule VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor VIP vasoactive intestinal peptide VISEP Efficacy of Volume Substitution and

Insulin Therapy in Severe Sepsis (study) VLDL very low-density lipoprotein VLDLR very low density lipoprotein receptor VSMC vascular smooth muscle cell

WESDR Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy

WHO World Health Organization

XENDOS XENical in the Prevention of Diabetes in Obese Subjects (study)

ZnT8 zinc transporter 8