ABSTRACT
Contents 4.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 88
4.1.1 ZigBee Topology .................................................................................................. 89 4.1.2 IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Superframe Structure .......................................................... 89
4.1.2.1 Beacon-Enabled Mode ............................................................................ 90 4.1.2.2 Non-Beacon-Enabled Mode .................................................................. 90
4.1.3 IEEE 802.15.4 Association Procedure ................................................................... 92 4.1.4 Effect of 3-D Terrains in WSNs ........................................................................... 92 4.1.5 ZigBee Nodes for Internet of Things..................................................................... 94
4.2 Related Work ................................................................................................................... 95 4.3 Background Knowledge ................................................................................................... 96
4.3.1 Durkin’s Propagation Model ................................................................................. 96 4.3.2 The Digital Elevation Model ................................................................................. 99 4.3.3 3DEM Software ................................................................................................... 99
4.4 Simulation Model for 3-D ZigBee Sensor Networks .......................................................101 4.4.1 Simulation Model in a 3-D Terrain Model ..........................................................101 4.4.2 BO and SO Adapted Scheme ...............................................................................103
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