ABSTRACT
The demand for data rates in upcoming wireless standards is increasing exponentially because of data-hungry wireless devices and bandwidth-intensive applications. Moreover, spectral link efficiency is achieving its theoretical limits; therefore, the only solution to enhance the system performance is to improve and densify the base station (BS) deployment in the required areas. This
10.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 237 10.1.1 Benefit of HetSNets .................................................................................................. 238 10.1.2 Major Challenges for HetSNets ................................................................................ 238
10.2 Significance of Energy Efficiency in Wireless Networks .....................................................240 10.3 Methods to Improve Energy Efficiency in Wireless Networks ............................................ 241
10.3.1 Improved Power Amplifier Technology ................................................................... 241 10.3.2 Power-Saving Protocols ............................................................................................ 241 10.3.3 Cooperative Power Management ..............................................................................242 10.3.4 Renewable Energy Resources ...................................................................................242 10.3.5 Cognitive and Cooperative Communications ...........................................................242 10.3.6 PC Mechanisms ........................................................................................................ 243
10.4 HetSNets-Introduction ....................................................................................................... 243 10.5 HetSNets: Design and Management .....................................................................................244
