ABSTRACT
The Internet has seen a tremendous growth in the past two decades. In fact, the Internet has become essential in our daily lives. Despite its importance, the Internet also has its share in the overall energy consumption of modern society, which according to Ref. [1] is approximately 5% of the total energy consumption of developed countries, and the emission of greenhouse gas (GHG) that originated from the information and communication technology sector will be increased by 130% from 2002 to 2020. Furthermore, the current Internet architecture is not the most suitable for certain applications, such as peer-to-peer traffic and audio and video streaming. These kinds of services or applications require high bandwidth for taking full advantage of their potential. However, nowadays, the current Internet routing system is facing scalability issues, because of “the ever-increasing user population, as well as multiple other factors including multi-homing, traffic engineering, and policy routing” [2].
