ABSTRACT
Bifunctional Solid Catalysts ............................................................. 193 8.3 Platform Chemicals to Value-Added Products ............................................. 198
8.3.1 Oxidative Transformation of Platform Chemicals by Solid Catalysts ............................................................................................ 199 8.3.1.1 Aqueous Oxidation of HMF ..............................................200 8.3.1.2 In Situ Oxidation of HMF ..................................................203 8.3.1.3 Nonaqueous Oxidation of HMF ........................................204 8.3.1.4 Selective Oxidation of HMF ..............................................207 8.3.1.5 Oxidation of Furfural ......................................................... 210
8.3.2 Reductive Transformation of Platform Chemicals by Solid Catalysts ............................................................................................ 211 8.3.2.1 Gas Phase Hydrogenation of Furfural ............................... 211 8.3.2.2 Liquid Phase Hydrogenation of Furfural ........................... 214 8.3.2.3 Hydrogenation of HMF ...................................................... 215
8.4 Conclusion .................................................................................................... 217 Acknowledgments .................................................................................................. 218 References .............................................................................................................. 218
Lignocellulose is one of the most abundant renewable raw materials for the future substitution of fossil resources [1]. In contrast to herbal biomass such as oils or carbohydrates such as starch and various sugars, the utilization of lignocellulose as an energy carrier and chemical feedstock poses no competition to the production of edibles. Thus, it can be considered that the second generation of biogenic raw materials is more sustainable in production and utilization. Lignocellulosic plant materials can be obtained from agriculture and forestry in the form of by-products such as straw, wood chips, and crop residues, as well as fast growing grasses. Even municipal solid waste can be utilized. Additionally, no valuable soil has to be used for the cultivation of monocultures of certain plants, and no plant-protecting agents or fertilizers have to be applied, rendering it a rather “green” resource.
