ABSTRACT
About 250 million gallons of oil is accidentally spilled into the marine environment every year. Worldwide, the annual crude oil spillage to the ocean is estimated to be about 150 million gallons per year from ship maintenance, about 35 million gallons from transportation accidents, about 15 million gallons from offshore
17.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 325 17.2 Experimental ................................................................................................ 327
17.2.1 Measurement of Droplet Size of Dispersed Oil ................................ 327 17.2.2 Sample Preparation for Quartz Crystal Microbalance and
Atomic Force Microscopy ................................................................ 327 17.2.3 Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation Monitoring ............. 327 17.2.4 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) .................................................... 328
17.3 Results and Discussion ................................................................................. 328 17.3.1 Measurement of Droplet Size of Dispersed Oil ................................ 330 17.3.2 Adsorption of the Anti-Deposition Composition on
Model Substrates .............................................................................. 331 17.3.2.1 Lecithin .............................................................................. 332 17.3.2.2 Hydroxypropyl Cellulose ................................................... 333 17.3.2.3 Oil and Lecithin ................................................................. 333 17.3.2.4 Oil and Hydroxypropyl Cellulose ...................................... 334 17.3.2.5 Oil, Lecithin, and Hydroxypropyl Cellulose...................... 335
17.4 Conclusions ................................................................................................... 336 Acknowledgments .................................................................................................. 338 References .............................................................................................................. 338
drilling and production, and 60 million gallons from seaoor seepage that has taken place naturally for millions of years.
