ABSTRACT
Accumulation of unwanted deposits on heat exchangers, reverse osmosis membrane, and equipment surfaces is a phenomenon that occurs in virtually all industrial water systems in which untreated water is used as the feed stream. The unwanted materials include (1) mineral scale or precipitated insoluble salts, (2) suspended matter, (3) corrosion products, and (4) growth of microorganisms. If not properly controlled, these unwanted deposits may lead to several operational and economic problems including loss of heat transfer, plugging of equipment, increased pumping costs, lost production due to downtime, inefcient use of chemicals, premature equipment replacement, and increased operating costs. Greater water conservation
20.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 371 20.2 Experimental ................................................................................................ 373 20.3 Results and Discussion ................................................................................. 375
20.3.1 Effect of Time on Cu (II) Hydroxide Precipitation .......................... 375 20.3.2 Effect of Solution pH on Cu (II) Hydroxide Precipitation ............... 376 20.3.3 Polymer Performance ....................................................................... 376
20.3.3.1 Polymer Concentration ...................................................... 376 20.3.3.2 Polymerization Solvent ...................................................... 377 20.3.3.3 Polymer Molecular Weight ................................................ 378
20.3.4 Polymer Architecture ........................................................................ 378 20.3.4.1 Homopolymers ................................................................... 379 20.3.4.2 Biopolymers .......................................................................380 20.3.4.3 Copolymers ........................................................................ 381
20.3.5 Effect of Polymers on Cu (II) Hydroxide Particle Stabilization ...... 381 20.4 Conclusions ................................................................................................... 382 References .............................................................................................................. 383
coupled with poor-quality water and systems operating at higher cycles of concentration have called for improvements on water treatment programs that are able to perform under more stressed system conditions. Thus, effective treatment of industrial water systems continues to challenge plant operators, water technologists, and plant managers [1].
