ABSTRACT
Forest Disease and Climate Change .............................................................................................. 128 Forest Insects and Climate Change ................................................................................................ 129 Nonnative Plant Species and Climate Change ............................................................................... 131 Methods .......................................................................................................................................... 132
Future Climate ........................................................................................................................... 132 Insect Infestations and Diseases ................................................................................................ 132 Nonnative Plants ....................................................................................................................... 136
Outlook for Forest Pests ................................................................................................................. 137 Annosus Root Disease............................................................................................................... 137 Fusiform Rust ............................................................................................................................ 138 Laurel Wilt/Redbay Ambrosia Beetle Complex ........................................................................ 140 Southern Pine Beetle ................................................................................................................. 142 Gypsy Moth ............................................................................................................................... 143 Hemlock Woolly Adelgid .......................................................................................................... 146 Emerald Ash Borer .................................................................................................................... 147 Pine Root Collar Weevil ............................................................................................................ 148 Sirex Woodwasp ........................................................................................................................ 150
Outlook for Nonnative Plants ........................................................................................................ 151 Garlic Mustard .......................................................................................................................... 151 Cogongrass ................................................................................................................................ 152 Chinese Privet ........................................................................................................................... 153 Kudzu ........................................................................................................................................ 154 Chinese Tallowtree .................................................................................................................... 156 Potential Habitats ...................................................................................................................... 157
Mitigation Strategies ...................................................................................................................... 158 What Can the Past Tell Us about Managing in the Future? ...................................................... 158 What Can Be Done Now? ......................................................................................................... 158
Discussion ...................................................................................................................................... 159 Areas of Greatest Concern ........................................................................................................ 160 Management Options for Reducing Vulnerability .................................................................... 161 Current Knowledge Gaps/Areas of Future Research ................................................................ 163
Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................... 164 References ...................................................................................................................................... 164
pared to the other regions of the continental United States. During the past three decades, the annual average temperature has risen in the South, particularly during the winter months (Karl et al. 2009), and the occurrence of temperatures below freezing has declined by 4-7 days per year in most of the region. Some areas have experienced >20 fewer days below freezing, and the average autumn precipitation in other areas has increased approximately 30% since 1901 (Karl et al. 2009). Although many areas have reported increases in heavy rainfall events (Karl and Knight 1998; Keim 1997), others have experienced moderate-to-severe increases in drought over the last three decades.
