ABSTRACT
Titanium (Ti) is the most widely used metallic material for dental submucosal implants due to its invaluable, unique, and outstanding biomedical and biomechanical properties. These are its great availability, high biocompatibility, high strength and stiffness, and relatively low density. The chemistry of Ti has some special features, such as its rich oxide formation capacity. Ti is abundant in the earth’s crust but cumbersome to extract. It has been known for a long time that titanium implants are known to osseointegrate into living bone tissues. Osseointegration is defined as the ability of bone tissues to grow directly and intimately into contact with the surface of the implant without any intermediate soft tissue layer.
