ABSTRACT
Civil infrastructure provides the basic framework for a functioning society. It has directly and indirectly influenced our civilization with the sole purpose of raising our standards of living through increased global interaction. However, infrastructure systems are under increasing strain because of rapid population growth, system aging, and natural disasters, all of which have resulted in increased demands on performance and cost, even without consideration for the environmental and social impacts associated with construction and infrastructure maintenance management. For example, the fabrication of cement results in large quantities of CO2 emissions (Kendall, 2004) that amounted to 71.3 million metric tons in 2008 (van Oss, 2010). To mitigate the effects of emissions, new materials and production methods are under development, such as engineered cementitious materials and fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites.
