ABSTRACT
Production of liquid steel at every stage (i.e., convert steelmaking, ladle metallurgy, continuous casting, etc.) involves interactions among various phases, such as metal, slag, and gas, in which uid ow, heat and mass transfer, chemical reaction, etc. all playing important roles. Comprehensive understanding of steelmaking necessitates a sound knowledge of metallurgical thermodynamics and rate phenomena (i.e., uid ow, heat and mass transfer). Modeling of steelmaking per se is not possible without a good grasp of steelmaking practice as well as the underlying scienti c fundamentals. It is therefore desirable to brie y review the science behind steelmaking rst.
