ABSTRACT
Various combinations of the occurrence of any two events A and B can be indicated in set notation as shown in Figure 3.1. Note that the hatched areas represent the symbol at the bottom of each figure. Venn diagrams: (a) <inline-formula> <alternatives> <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover accent="true"> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mo>¯</mml:mo> </mml:mover> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> <inline-graphic xlink:href="<a href="https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429124754/be33da89-95f5-45e7-a067-f2fa13b8eb97/content/eq89.tif" target="_blank">https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429124754/be33da89-95f5-45e7-a067-f2fa13b8eb97/content/eq89.tif</a>"/> </alternatives> </inline-formula> does not occur (similarly <inline-formula> <alternatives> <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover accent="true"> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mo>¯</mml:mo> </mml:mover> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> <inline-graphic xlink:href="<a href="https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429124754/be33da89-95f5-45e7-a067-f2fa13b8eb97/content/eq90.tif" target="_blank">https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429124754/be33da89-95f5-45e7-a067-f2fa13b8eb97/content/eq90.tif</a>"/> </alternatives> </inline-formula> does not occur), (b) <inline-formula> <alternatives> <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> <inline-graphic xlink:href="<a href="https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429124754/be33da89-95f5-45e7-a067-f2fa13b8eb97/content/eq91.tif" target="_blank">https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429124754/be33da89-95f5-45e7-a067-f2fa13b8eb97/content/eq91.tif</a>"/> </alternatives> </inline-formula> occurs or <italic>B</italic> occurs (<italic>or</italic> used in mutually inclusive sense to indicate the occurrence of <italic>A, B</italic>, or both <italic>A</italic> and <italic>B</italic>), (c) <inline-formula> <alternatives> <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> <inline-graphic xlink:href="<a href="https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429124754/be33da89-95f5-45e7-a067-f2fa13b8eb97/content/eq92.tif" target="_blank">https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429124754/be33da89-95f5-45e7-a067-f2fa13b8eb97/content/eq92.tif</a>"/> </alternatives> </inline-formula> occurs and <italic>B</italic> occurs, (d) <inline-formula> <alternatives> <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mover accent="true"> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mo>¯</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> <inline-graphic xlink:href="<a href="https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429124754/be33da89-95f5-45e7-a067-f2fa13b8eb97/content/eq93.tif" target="_blank">https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429124754/be33da89-95f5-45e7-a067-f2fa13b8eb97/content/eq93.tif</a>"/> </alternatives> </inline-formula> = <italic>A</italic> occurs and <italic>B</italic> does not occur. https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429124754/be33da89-95f5-45e7-a067-f2fa13b8eb97/content/fig3_1.tif"/>
