ABSTRACT
Before starting modern engineering, the world of architecture was dominated by traditional materials, such as timber, clay brick, and stone. All buildings were made by using these materials, which are characterized by high vulnerability in earthquake-prone areas. Therefore, the beginning of using steel as a new structural material gave one hope that it would be the ideal material for buildings in seismic areas. The good behavior of steel structures during some earthquakes consolidated the conviction that a perfect material for solving these problems had been discovered.
