ABSTRACT
Preface.................................................................................................................... xix Author .................................................................................................................... xxi
Chapter 1 Introduction to the Service Industry .................................................... 1
1.1 NAICS............................................................................................................ 2 1.2 Employment in the Service Industry ............................................................. 2 1.3 Safety ............................................................................................................. 3 1.4 Why Trauma Prevention? .............................................................................. 5 1.5 Accidents or Incidents ................................................................................... 5 1.6 Comprehensive Accident Prevention............................................................. 6 1.7 Fatality and Injury Profile for the Service Industry....................................... 7 1.8 Occupational Illnesses in the Service Industry............................................ 10 References ............................................................................................................... 11
Chapter 2 Information Sector ............................................................................. 13
2.1 Information................................................................................................... 14 2.1.1 Telecommunications ......................................................................... 14 2.1.2 Broadcasting...................................................................................... 16 2.1.3 Internet Service Providers, Web Search Portals,
and Data Processing Services ........................................................... 18 2.1.4 Motion Picture and Video Industries................................................ 20 2.1.5 Software Publishing .......................................................................... 21 2.1.6 Publishing, except Software ............................................................. 22
2.2 Profile of Information Workers’ Deaths, Injuries, and Illnesses ................. 24 2.2.1 Deaths ............................................................................................... 24 2.2.2 Injuries .............................................................................................. 25 2.2.3 Illnesses............................................................................................. 25
2.3 Hazards Faced by Information Workers...................................................... 27 2.4 Occupations for the Information Sector....................................................... 28
2.4.1 Telecommunications ......................................................................... 28 2.4.2 Broadcasting...................................................................................... 29 2.4.3 Internet Service Providers, Web Search Portals,
and Data Processing Services ........................................................... 31 2.4.4 Motion Picture and Video Industries................................................ 32 2.4.5 Software Publishers........................................................................... 34 2.4.6 Publishing, except Software ............................................................. 35
2.5 Applicable OSHA Regulations .................................................................... 37 References ............................................................................................................... 38
Chapter 3 Financial and Insurance Sector.......................................................... 39
3.1 Finance and Insurance ................................................................................. 40 3.1.1 Banking ............................................................................................. 40 3.1.2 Insurance ........................................................................................... 42 3.1.3 Securities, Commodities, and Other Investments ............................. 44
3.2 Profile of Financial and Insurance Workers’ Death, Injuries, and Illnesses ................................................................................................. 45 3.2.1 Deaths ............................................................................................... 45 3.2.2 Injuries .............................................................................................. 45 3.2.3 Illnesses............................................................................................. 45
3.3 Hazards Faced by Financial and Insurance Workers .................................. 45 3.4 Occupations for Financial and Insurance Sector ......................................... 48
3.4.1 Banking ............................................................................................. 48 3.4.2 Insurance ........................................................................................... 49 3.4.3 Securities, Commodities, and Other Investments ............................. 51
3.5 Applicable OSHA Regulations .................................................................... 53 References ............................................................................................................... 53
Chapter 4 Professional and Business Services................................................... 55
4.1 PSTs and Management Companies and Enterprises ................................... 56 4.1.1 Advertising and Public Relations Services....................................... 56 4.1.2 Scientific Research and Development Services................................ 57 4.1.3 Computer Systems Design and Related Services ............................. 60 4.1.4 Employment Services ....................................................................... 61 4.1.5 Management, Scientific, and Technical Consulting Services........... 62
4.2 Profile of Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services and Management Companies and Enterprises Workers’ Deaths, Injuries, and Illnesses................................................................................... 64 4.2.1 PSTS Deaths ..................................................................................... 64 4.2.2 PSTS Injuries .................................................................................... 64 4.2.3 PSTS Illnesses................................................................................... 67 4.2.4 MCE Deaths...................................................................................... 67 4.2.5 MCE Injuries..................................................................................... 67 4.2.6 MCE Illnesses ................................................................................... 67
4.3 Hazards Faced by PSTS and MCE Workers............................................... 67 4.4 Occupations for the PSTS and MCE Sectors .............................................. 70
4.4.1 Advertising and Public Relations ..................................................... 70 4.4.2 Scientific Research and Development Services................................ 71 4.4.3 Computer Systems Design and Related Services ............................. 72 4.4.4 Employment Services ....................................................................... 73 4.4.5 Management, Scientific, and Technical
Consulting Services .......................................................................... 75 4.5 Applicable OSHA Regulations .................................................................... 79 References ............................................................................................................... 80
Chapter 5 Real Estate ......................................................................................... 81
5.1 Real Estate ................................................................................................. 82 5.1.1 Property Management ................................................................... 82 5.1.2 Real Estate Brokers and Sales Agents.......................................... 82 5.1.3 Appraisers and Assessors of Real Estate...................................... 83
5.2 Profile of Real Estate Workers’ Deaths, Injuries, and Illnesses ................ 84 5.2.1 Deaths ........................................................................................... 84 5.2.2 Injuries .......................................................................................... 84 5.2.3 Illnesses......................................................................................... 87
5.3 Hazards Faced by Real Estate Workers..................................................... 87 5.4 Occupations for the Real Estate Sector ..................................................... 87 5.5 Applicable OSHA Regulations .................................................................. 88 References ............................................................................................................... 88
Chapter 6 Workers’ Compensation .................................................................... 89
6.1 Employer Liability ..................................................................................... 90 6.2 Exclusive Remedy ..................................................................................... 91 6.3 Covered Events .......................................................................................... 92 6.4 Selecting a Physician ................................................................................. 92 6.5 Benefits....................................................................................................... 93
6.5.1 Medical Benefits ........................................................................... 93 6.5.2 Cash Benefits ................................................................................ 94
6.6 Survivor Benefits ....................................................................................... 95 6.7 Rehabilitation ............................................................................................. 96
6.7.1 Medical Rehabilitation .................................................................. 96 6.7.2 Vocational Rehabilitation ............................................................. 96
6.8 Administration............................................................................................ 97 6.9 Second-Injury Funds .................................................................................. 98 6.10 Risk and Insurance..................................................................................... 98 6.11 Loss Control............................................................................................. 100
6.11.1 Return-to-Work Program ............................................................ 101 6.11.2 Job Modification ......................................................................... 102 6.11.3 Hiring Practices........................................................................... 102 6.11.4 Substance Abuse Programs......................................................... 103 6.11.5 Employee Assistance Programs.................................................. 103 6.11.6 Ergonomics Programs ................................................................. 103 6.11.7 Wellness Programs...................................................................... 104
6.12 Injury Management Programs.................................................................. 104 6.12.1 Medical Case Management......................................................... 105 6.12.2 Directing Medical Care............................................................... 105 6.12.3 Preferred Provider Networks ...................................................... 105 6.12.4 Claims Reviews .......................................................................... 105 6.12.5 Claim Audits ............................................................................... 105
6.13 Summary .................................................................................................. 106 Reference............................................................................................................... 107
Chapter 7 OSHA and Its Rules ........................................................................ 109
7.1 OSHACT ................................................................................................... 111 7.2 OSHA Standards...................................................................................... 111 7.3 Protections under the OSHACT................................................................ 112 7.4 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health............................ 112 7.5 Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission............................ 114 7.6 Employer Responsibilities under the OSHACT........................................ 115 7.7 Workers’ Rights and Responsibilities under the OSHACT ...................... 115 7.8 Discrimination against Workers............................................................... 116 7.9 Right to Information ................................................................................ 117 7.10 OSHA Inspections ................................................................................... 118 7.11 Workers’ Complaints and Requests for Inspections................................ 119 7.12 Citations, Penalties, and Other Enforcement Measures........................... 120 7.13 OSHA Regulations................................................................................... 121
7.13.1 Federal Laws............................................................................... 122 7.13.2 Regulatory Process...................................................................... 122 7.13.3 Federal Register.......................................................................... 124 7.13.4 Code of Federal Regulations ...................................................... 125 7.13.5 Regulation Paragraph Number System....................................... 126
7.14 State OSHA Plans.................................................................................... 130 7.15 Worker Training....................................................................................... 130 7.16 Occupational Injuries and Illnesses ......................................................... 131 7.17 Medical and Exposure Records ............................................................... 132 7.18 Posting...................................................................................................... 133 7.19 Summary .................................................................................................. 133
Chapter 8 Managing Safety and Health in an Office Setting .......................... 135
8.1 Managing Safety and Health ................................................................... 135 8.2 Management Commitment and Employee Involvement ......................... 136 8.3 Worksite Analysis .................................................................................... 137 8.4 Hazard Prevention and Control ............................................................... 138 8.5 Safety and Health Training ...................................................................... 139 8.6 Safety and Health Program Evaluation.................................................... 139 8.7 Evaluation of Your Responses................................................................. 142
Chapter 9 Office Safety Hazards ...................................................................... 143
9.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 143 9.2 Identifying Hazards.................................................................................. 145 9.3 Office Hazards ......................................................................................... 145
9.3.1 Burns and Scalds .......................................................................... 146 9.3.2 Caught in or between Objects ...................................................... 147 9.3.3 Cuts by Sharp Objects .................................................................. 147 9.3.4 Electricity ...................................................................................... 147
9.3.5 Elevator and Escalator Safety ..................................................... 148 9.3.5.1 Elevators........................................................................ 148 9.3.5.2 Escalators ...................................................................... 148
9.3.6 Falls............................................................................................. 149 9.3.7 Furnishing Hazards ..................................................................... 150
9.3.7.1 File Cabinets and Shelves ............................................. 150 9.3.7.2 Desks ............................................................................. 151 9.3.7.3 Chairs ............................................................................ 151
9.3.8 Ladders and Stepstools ............................................................... 152 9.3.9 Hand Tools.................................................................................. 153 9.3.10 Material Handling ....................................................................... 154 9.3.11 Powered Equipment .................................................................... 154 9.3.12 Slips and Trips ............................................................................ 155 9.3.13 Stairways..................................................................................... 156 9.3.14 Struck by or Striking Objects ..................................................... 157
9.4 Safety in the Office .................................................................................. 158 9.5 Summary .................................................................................................. 160
Chapter 10 Office Health Hazards ................................................................... 161
10.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 161 10.1.1 Health Hazards............................................................................ 161
10.2 Office Health-Related Symptoms ............................................................ 165 10.3 Health Issues and Office Buildings ......................................................... 166
10.3.1 Sick Building Syndrome............................................................. 166 10.3.2 Building-Related Illnesses .......................................................... 167
10.4 Indoor Air Contaminants ......................................................................... 169 10.5 Controlling Contaminants ........................................................................ 172
10.5.1 Controlling Biologicals ............................................................... 172 10.5.2 Controlling Chemicals ................................................................ 172 10.5.3 Office Chemicals......................................................................... 173 10.5.4 Controlling Physical Factors....................................................... 173
10.6 Summary .................................................................................................. 174
Chapter 11 Office Building Chemical Hazards................................................ 175
11.1 Chemicals and Illness .............................................................................. 175 11.2 Health Hazards......................................................................................... 176
11.2.1 Acute Health Effects ................................................................... 177 11.2.2 Chronic Health Effects................................................................ 178 11.2.3 Chronic Disease .......................................................................... 179 11.2.4 Birth Defects/Infertility ............................................................... 180
11.3 Hazardous Chemicals............................................................................... 180 11.3.1 Carcinogens................................................................................. 183
11.4 Office Chemicals...................................................................................... 183 11.4.1 Dusts ........................................................................................... 183
11.4.2 Fumes........................................................................................ 184 11.4.3 Gases ......................................................................................... 185 11.4.4 Mists.......................................................................................... 185 11.4.5 Vapors ....................................................................................... 186
11.5 Typical Hazardous Office Chemicals ...................................................... 186 11.5.1 Solvents..................................................................................... 186 11.5.2 Cleaners..................................................................................... 187 11.5.3 Acids and Bases........................................................................ 190 11.5.4 Adhesives and Sealants............................................................. 190 11.5.5 Fuels.......................................................................................... 192
11.6 Informing Workers................................................................................... 192 11.7 Summary .................................................................................................. 195
Chapter 12 Office Electrical Safety.................................................................. 197
12.1 Electrical Office Hazards ......................................................................... 198 12.1.1 Ungrounded Equipment ............................................................ 198 12.1.2 Overloaded Outlets ................................................................... 198 12.1.3 Unsafe=Non-Approved Equipment ........................................... 198 12.1.4 Defective, Frayed, or Improperly Installed Cords
for Electrically Operated Office Equipment ............................. 199 12.1.5 Improper Placement of Cords................................................... 199 12.1.6 Electrical Cords across Walkways and Work Areas ................ 199 12.1.7 Live Parts Unguarded ............................................................... 200 12.1.8 Pulling of Plugs to Shut off Power........................................... 200 12.1.9 Working on ‘‘Live Equipment’’................................................ 200 12.1.10 Blocking Electrical Panel Doors............................................... 200
12.2 Preventing Electrical Office Incidents ..................................................... 200 12.2.1 Lightning Safety........................................................................ 202
12.3 Office Electrical Fire Prevention.............................................................. 202 12.4 Office Electrical Safety Checklist ............................................................ 202 12.5 Summary .................................................................................................. 203
Chapter 13 Emergencies in Office Facilities .................................................... 205
13.1 Emergencies ............................................................................................. 205 13.1.1 Emergency Action Plan ............................................................ 206 13.1.2 Alarm Systems .......................................................................... 207 13.1.3 Evacuation................................................................................. 208 13.1.4 Exit Routes................................................................................ 210 13.1.5 Roles of Responsible Individuals ............................................. 210 13.1.6 Rescue Operations .................................................................... 212 13.1.7 Medical Emergency Care.......................................................... 213 13.1.8 Role of Employees.................................................................... 213 13.1.9 Employee Training.................................................................... 213 13.1.10 Hazardous Substance Issues ..................................................... 215
13.1.11 Personal Protective Equipment ................................................. 215 13.1.12 Applicable Regulations ............................................................. 216
13.2 OSHA Compliance .................................................................................. 217 13.3 Summary .................................................................................................. 217 Reference............................................................................................................... 220
Chapter 14 Office Equipment Safety ............................................................... 221
14.1 Hazards from Powered Office Equipment ............................................... 221 14.2 Prevention of Office Equipment Incidents .............................................. 222 14.3 Specific Office Equipment ....................................................................... 225
14.3.1 Photocopiers.............................................................................. 225 14.3.2 Video Display Terminals .......................................................... 228
14.4 Applicable OSHA Regulations ................................................................ 229 14.4.1 Machine Guarding (29 CFR 1910.212 and .219)..................... 229 14.4.2 Portable (Power-Operated) Tools and Equipment
(29 CFR 1910.243) ................................................................... 231 14.4.3 Electrical (29 CFR 1910.303, .304, .305, .331, and .333) ....... 233
14.5 Summary .................................................................................................. 235
Chapter 15 Fire Prevention............................................................................... 237
15.1 Fires.......................................................................................................... 237 15.2 Managing Fire Safety............................................................................... 237 15.3 Fire Safety Design ................................................................................... 238 15.4 Office Fire Prevention Strategies ............................................................. 242 15.5 Fire Prevention Plan Requirements ......................................................... 243 15.6 Summary .................................................................................................. 244
Chapter 16 Laboratory and Testing Facility Safety ......................................... 249
16.1 Laboratory Hazards.................................................................................. 249 16.2 Safety and Health Administration............................................................ 250 16.3 Worker Responsibilities ........................................................................... 251 16.4 General Guidelines................................................................................... 251 16.5 Laboratory and Testing Safety and Health Procedures ........................... 253 16.6 Emergencies in Laboratories.................................................................... 254 16.7 Specific Laboratory Safety and Health .................................................... 255
16.7.1 General Safety........................................................................... 255 16.7.2 Personal Protective Equipment ................................................. 255 16.7.3 Laboratory Equipment .............................................................. 255 16.7.4 Chemical Safety ........................................................................ 255 16.7.5 Waste Management................................................................... 256 16.7.6 Dangerous Work Areas............................................................. 256
16.8 Summary .................................................................................................. 257
Chapter 17 Office Air Quality.......................................................................... 259
17.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 259 17.1.1 Assessing Office Air Quality Issues ......................................... 259 17.1.2 Factors That Contribute to Office Air Quality ......................... 260 17.1.3 Factors That Affect Office Comfort and Productivity.............. 261 17.1.4 Identify Office Air Quality Hazards ......................................... 261
17.2 Office Air Quality Hazards ...................................................................... 261 17.2.1 Management of Pollutant Sources, Both Inside
and Outside the Office Building ............................................... 261 17.2.2 Types of Pollutants ................................................................... 262
17.3 Controlling Office Air Quality................................................................. 263 17.3.1 Control Strategies...................................................................... 263 17.3.2 Education and Training............................................................. 264 17.3.3 Dilution Ventilation .................................................................. 264 17.3.4 Modifying Processes and Equipment ....................................... 264 17.3.5 Air Cleaning.............................................................................. 265 17.3.6 Moisture and Humidity............................................................. 265 17.3.7 Design, Maintenance, and Operation of Building
Ventilation Systems .................................................................. 265 17.3.8 Effect of Ventilation on Air Quality......................................... 266 17.3.9 Office Air Quality, Shared Responsibility................................ 267 17.3.10 Managing Office Air Quality.................................................... 268 17.3.11 Promote Good Office Air Quality ............................................ 269
17.4 Summary .................................................................................................. 270
Chapter 18 Office Ergonomics ......................................................................... 275
18.1 Office Ergonomics ................................................................................... 275 18.2 Color ........................................................................................................ 275 18.3 Computer Workstations ........................................................................... 276
18.3.1 Display Screens......................................................................... 276 18.3.2 Video Display Terminals .......................................................... 277 18.3.3 VDT Workstation Design ......................................................... 277 18.3.4 Areas of Adjustability in Video Display Terminals ................ 278 18.3.5 Workstation Illumination .......................................................... 278 18.3.6 Work Methods .......................................................................... 279 18.3.7 Office Chair............................................................................... 279 18.3.8 Working Height ........................................................................ 279 18.3.9 Work=Rest Schedules ............................................................... 280 18.3.10 Other Solutions ......................................................................... 280
18.4 Environmental Parameters ....................................................................... 281 18.4.1 Temperature .............................................................................. 282 18.4.2 Humidity ................................................................................... 282
18.5 Illumination (Lighting)............................................................................. 282 18.6 Noise ........................................................................................................ 283
18.6.1 Effect of Noise ............................................................................ 285 18.7 Workstations ............................................................................................ 286
18.7.1 Applying Good Work Practices.................................................. 286 18.8 Stress Prevention...................................................................................... 287 18.9 Summary .................................................................................................. 287 Reference............................................................................................................... 290
Chapter 19 Overexertion and Lifting ............................................................... 291
19.1 Material Handling .................................................................................... 291 19.2 Hazards Involved ..................................................................................... 292 19.3 Prevention of Material-Handling Incidents.............................................. 294
19.3.1 Types of Equipment Used Today............................................... 294 19.3.2 Material-Handling OSHA Regulations....................................... 294 19.3.3 Training Requirements................................................................ 295 19.3.4 Material-Handling=Lifting Program............................................ 295
19.4 Lifting in Office Workplaces ................................................................... 296 19.4.1 Strains and Overexertion ............................................................ 296 19.4.2 Safe Lifting Steps........................................................................ 297 19.4.3 Lifting from a Seated Position.................................................... 297 19.4.4 Ergonomic Solutions to Backbreaking Tasks............................. 298
19.5 Material Storage Incident Prevention in Offices ..................................... 298 19.6 Housekeeping as a Preventive Action ..................................................... 299
19.6.1 Managing Housekeeping ............................................................ 301 19.6.2 Preventive Housekeeping............................................................ 301 19.6.3 Individual Workstations.............................................................. 302 19.6.4 General Housekeeping Guidelines.............................................. 303 19.6.5 Effects of Poor Housekeeping .................................................... 303
19.7 Summary .................................................................................................. 305 Reference............................................................................................................... 306
Chapter 20 Slips, Trips, and Falls .................................................................... 307
20.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 307 20.2 Hazard Sources ........................................................................................ 308 20.3 Solutions and Interventions to Prevent Slips, Trips, and Falls ............... 309
20.3.1 Housekeeping.............................................................................. 311 20.3.2 Flooring....................................................................................... 311 20.3.3 Footwear ..................................................................................... 312 20.3.4 Uniformity................................................................................... 312
20.4 Stairs and Stairways................................................................................. 313 20.5 Slips, Trips, and Falls in the Service Industry......................................... 313 20.6 Summary of OSHA Applicable Regulations........................................... 314
20.6.1 Housekeeping (29 CFR 1910.22) ............................................... 314 20.6.2 Walking=Working Surfaces (29 CFR 1910.21 and .22) ............ 314 20.6.3 Aisles and Passageways (29 CFR 1910.17, .22, and .176)........ 314
20.6.4 Floors (General Conditions) (29 CFR 1910.22 and .23).......... 315 20.6.5 Guarding Floor and Wall Openings (29 CFR 1910.23)........... 315
20.6.5.1 Protection of Floor Openings.................................... 316 20.6.6 Railings (29 CFR 1910.23)....................................................... 316 20.6.7 Stairs, Fixed, Industrial (29 CFR 1910.23 and .24) ................. 318 20.6.8 Toeboards (29 CFR 1910.23) ................................................... 318
20.7 Slips, Trips, and Falls Checklist .............................................................. 319 20.8 Summary .................................................................................................. 320
Chapter 21 Violence and Security.................................................................... 321
21.1 Violence and Security .............................................................................. 321 21.2 Workplace Violence Policy Statement .................................................... 322 21.3 Building a Complete Program ................................................................. 322
21.3.1 Personnel Practices ................................................................... 322 21.3.2 Training..................................................................................... 322 21.3.3 Reporting Practices ................................................................... 324
21.4 Program Development and Essential Elements ....................................... 326 21.5 High-Risk Employees .............................................................................. 326 21.6 Types of Workplace Violence ................................................................. 326 21.7 Prevention Strategies................................................................................ 327
21.7.1 Environmental Designs ............................................................. 328 21.7.2 Administrative Controls ............................................................ 328 21.7.3 Behavioral Strategies ................................................................ 329
21.8 Security .................................................................................................... 331 21.8.1 Identification of Security Hazards ............................................ 331 21.8.2 General Building, Workstation, and Area Designs .................. 332 21.8.3 Maintenance .............................................................................. 333 21.8.4 Engineering Controls ................................................................ 334 21.8.5 Administrative Controls and Work Practices ........................... 336 21.8.6 Training and Education............................................................. 338
21.8.6.1 Job-Specific Training ................................................ 339 21.8.6.2 Initial Training Program............................................ 340
21.8.7 Training for Supervisors and Managers, and Maintenance and Security Personnel ................................. 340
21.8.8 Medical Management................................................................ 341 21.8.9 Recordkeeping .......................................................................... 343 21.8.10 Evaluation of the Program........................................................ 344
21.9 Parking Lot Security ................................................................................ 345 21.9.1 Factors Affecting Parking Security........................................... 346
21.9.1.1 Design ....................................................................... 346 21.9.1.2 Surveillance ............................................................... 346 21.9.1.3 Lighting ..................................................................... 347
21.9.2 Training of Staff........................................................................ 348 21.9.3 Workers’ Personal Safety.......................................................... 348
21.10 Summary .................................................................................................. 350
Chapter 22 Other Hazards ................................................................................ 355
22.1 Inside Office Building Maintenance ........................................................ 356 22.1.1 Hazards ..................................................................................... 356 22.1.2 Job Responsibilities .................................................................. 356 22.1.3 Preventive Maintenance............................................................ 357 22.1.4 Employer Responsibilities ........................................................ 357 22.1.5 Safe Maintenance Procedures ................................................... 357 22.1.6 Summary ................................................................................... 358
22.2 Outside=Grounds Maintenance ................................................................ 358 22.2.1 Application of Pesticides .......................................................... 360 22.2.2 Other Chemicals........................................................................ 360 22.2.3 Physical Hazards ....................................................................... 361 22.2.4 Excavations ............................................................................... 361 22.2.5 Confined Spaces........................................................................ 361 22.2.6 Poisonous Plants ....................................................................... 362 22.2.7 Summary ................................................................................... 362
22.3 General Facilities (Hygiene) .................................................................... 362 22.3.1 Hazards ..................................................................................... 362 22.3.2 Training..................................................................................... 363 22.3.3 Custodial Care........................................................................... 363 22.3.4 Audits........................................................................................ 364 22.3.5 Summary ................................................................................... 364
22.4 Protecting the Office Building from NBCs ............................................. 365 22.4.1 Suggested Antiterrorism Security Measures............................. 365 22.4.2 Things Not to Do...................................................................... 368 22.4.3 Physical Security....................................................................... 368 22.4.4 Summary ................................................................................... 369
22.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................... 369
Chapter 23 Summary........................................................................................ 371
23.1 Office Building Checklist ........................................................................ 372 23.1.1 Building..................................................................................... 372 23.1.2 Doors and Windows ................................................................. 372 23.1.3 Electrical ................................................................................... 372 23.1.4 Elevators.................................................................................... 373 23.1.5 Emergencies and Evacuations................................................... 373 23.1.6 Environment.............................................................................. 373 23.1.7 Equipment and Tools................................................................ 373 23.1.8 Ergonomics=Work Practices ..................................................... 374 23.1.9 Exits .......................................................................................... 374 23.1.10 Fires........................................................................................... 374 23.1.11 Fire Extinguishers ..................................................................... 375 23.1.12 First Aid .................................................................................... 375 23.1.13 Flooring and Walking Surfaces ................................................ 376
23.1.14 Forklifts ..................................................................................... 376 23.1.15 Furniture.................................................................................... 376 23.1.16 Hazardous Substances............................................................... 376 23.1.17 Housekeeping............................................................................ 377 23.1.18 Hygiene ..................................................................................... 377 23.1.19 Indoor Air Quality .................................................................... 378 23.1.20 Infectious Waste........................................................................ 378 23.1.21 Ladders...................................................................................... 378 23.1.22 Lifting Techniques .................................................................... 378 23.1.23 Lighting..................................................................................... 378 23.1.24 Loading Docks.......................................................................... 379 23.1.25 Manual Material Handling........................................................ 379 23.1.26 Noise ......................................................................................... 379 23.1.27 Personal Protective Equipment ................................................. 379 23.1.28 Photocopiers and Fax Machines ............................................... 380 23.1.29 Security ..................................................................................... 380 23.1.30 Slips, Trips, and Falls ............................................................... 380 23.1.31 Spill Control.............................................................................. 380 23.1.32 Stairs, Corridors, Landings, and Aisles .................................... 380 23.1.33 Storage ...................................................................................... 381 23.1.34 Toilets ....................................................................................... 381 23.1.35 VDT Ergonomics ...................................................................... 381 23.1.36 Warning Signs........................................................................... 381 23.1.37 Waste Disposal.......................................................................... 382
Appendix A Common Exposures or Accident Types ...................................... 383
A.1 Accident Types ........................................................................................ 383 A.1.1 Struck-Against Types of Accidents .......................................... 383 A.1.2 Struck-By Types of Accidents.................................................. 383 A.1.3 Contact-By and Contact-With Types of Accidents .................. 384 A.1.4 Caught-In and Caught-On Types of Accidents ........................ 384 A.1.5 Caught-Between Types-Of Accidents ...................................... 384 A.1.6 Fall-to-Same-Level and Fall-to-Below Types of Accidents..... 384 A.1.7 Overexertion and Exposure Types of Accidents ...................... 385
Appendix B Federal OSHA Regional and State OSHA Offices ...................... 387
B.1 State Plan Offices ..................................................................................... 388
Appendix C Sample Written Safety and Health Program ................................ 393
C.1 Management’s Commitment .................................................................... 393 C.2 Assigning Responsibility.......................................................................... 393 C.3 Safety and Health Policy Statement......................................................... 393
C.3.1 Example of Statement for All Employees ................................ 393
C.4 Company Safety Goals and Objectives................................................... 394 C.5 Safety Enforcement Policy...................................................................... 394 C.6 Responsibilities for Safety and Health.................................................... 395
C.6.1 Management Officials.................................................................. 395 C.6.2 Supervisors .................................................................................. 395 C.6.3 Employees.................................................................................... 396 C.6.4 Competent=Qualified Persons ...................................................... 396
C.6.4.1 Jobsite Safety Inspections ............................................. 397 C.6.4.2 Accident Investigation .................................................. 397 C.6.4.3 Safety and Health Committee ....................................... 398
C.7 Monthly Project Safety Meeting ............................................................. 399 C.8 New-Hire Safety Orientation................................................................... 400 C.9 Supervisor Training................................................................................. 400 C.10 Safety Bulletin Board .............................................................................. 401 C.11 Safety Talks............................................................................................. 401 C.12 OSHA Records........................................................................................ 402 C.13 Medical=Exposure Records ..................................................................... 402 C.14 Training Records ..................................................................................... 402 C.15 First-Aid Supplies.................................................................................... 403 C.16 Medical Services ..................................................................................... 403 C.17 Jobsite First-Aid Log............................................................................... 403 C.18 Emergency Procedures ............................................................................ 404
C.18.1 Fire............................................................................................. 404 C.18.2 Evacuation ................................................................................. 404
Bibliography ........................................................................................................ 405
Index ..................................................................................................................... 409
