ABSTRACT
Wash Pipe: A nonupset pipe with an outer diameter (OD) close enough to the inner diameter (ID) of an inner pipe to cause hydraulic diversion. Used inside a screen during gravel packing to direct ¤ow and gravel to the bottom of the screen and effect a tighter pack. Developing hydraulic diversion benets with a wash pipe usually requires that the wash pipe OD be at least 80% or the outer pipe or screen’s ID. Waste Activated Sludge (mg/L): The excess growth of microorganisms that must be removed from the process to keep the biological system in balance. Wastewater: (1) Water with any home or industrial waste. (2) A community’s used water and water-carried solids (including used water from industrial processes) that ¤ow to a treatment plant. Storm water, surface water, and groundwater inltration also may be included in the wastewater that enters a wastewater treatment plant. The term “sewage” usually refers to household wastes, but this word is being replaced by the term “wastewater.” Wastewater Collection System: The pipe system for collecting and carrying water and water-carried wastes from domestic and industrial sources to a wastewater treatment plant. Wastewater Facilities: The pipes, conduits, structures, equipment, and processes required to collect, convey, and treat domestic and industrial wastes and dispose of the ef¤uent and sludge. Wastewater Ordinance: The basic document granting authority to administer a pretreatment inspection program. This ordinance must contain certain basic elements to provide a legal framework for effective enforcement. Wastewater Treatment Plant: An arrangement of pipes, equipment, devices, tanks, and structures for treating wastewater and industrial wastes. A water pollution control plant. Wasting Assets: Assets that will lose or are losing their value. Water-Alternating Gas: A tertiary drive mechanism using alternating injections of water and gas. Water-Based Emulsion or Mud: Mud with water as the external phase. May contain clays, polymers, or even an internal oil phase. Water Block: A relative permeability problem usually occurring in a gas zone. The highest potential formations for water blocks are low-pressure gas sands (<0.25 psi/ft pore pressure), with small pore throats (<10 μm), lower permeability (<100 mD), and when using water that has a surface tension about 50 dyne/cm. Water Conning: The encroachment of water in a wellbore in a water-drive reservoir owing to an excessive rate of production. The water below the oil moves upward to the wellbore through channels, ssures, and permeable streaks, leaving the oil sidetracked and bypassed. Water Cushion: A level of water in a string to be used for ¤ow back to generate an initial damping back pressure. Water Cut: The amount of water in percent in a produced ¤uid stream.
