ABSTRACT
Inflammation and Metabolism ....................................................................................................... 160 Specific Animal Models ................................................................................................................ 162
Acute Inflammation .................................................................................................................. 162 Autoimmune Diseases .............................................................................................................. 163
Type 1 Diabetes .................................................................................................................... 163 Celiac Disease ...................................................................................................................... 165 Lupus Erythematosus ........................................................................................................... 165 Rheumatoid Arthritis ........................................................................................................... 165 Sjögren’s Syndrome .............................................................................................................. 166
Neuroinflammatory Diseases .................................................................................................... 167 Multiple Sclerosis ................................................................................................................. 167 Guillain-Barré Syndrome ..................................................................................................... 169 Devic’s Disease..................................................................................................................... 169
The Metabolic Syndrome .......................................................................................................... 169 Characteristics of the Disease .............................................................................................. 169 Comparative Aspects............................................................................................................ 170 Induced Models of Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, and Atherosclerosis ..................................... 171 Induced Models of Hypertension ......................................................................................... 172 Spontaneous Rodent Models of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes ............................................ 173 Spontaneous Rodent Models of Atherosclerosis .................................................................. 173 Spontaneous Rodent Models of Hypertension ..................................................................... 174 Assessment of Specific Parameters ...................................................................................... 174
Dermatitis .................................................................................................................................. 175 Atopic Dermatitis ................................................................................................................. 175 Psoriasis ................................................................................................................................ 176
Gut Inflammation ...................................................................................................................... 176 Inflammatory Bowel Disease ............................................................................................... 176 Necrotizing Enterocolitis ..................................................................................................... 179
Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 179 References ...................................................................................................................................... 179
INFLAMMATION AND METABOLISM
Inflammation is a protective attempt by the organism against harmful stimuli. It is important to distinguish between inflammation and infection, because although inflammation may be caused by infectious agents, noninfectious inflammation is the background of a range of diseases, and in this chapter, only this type of inflammation will be considered. Inflammation can be local or systemic, or it can be acute or chronic. Local acute inflammation involves increased movement of plasma and leukocytes, especially neutrophilic granulocytes, from the blood into injured tissues mediated by cells in the local tissue, creating a chemotactic gradient. Such mediators have a short half-life, and therefore the acute inflammation only exists as a cause of a current stimulation. Fibrin and immunoglobulins will also migrate from the vessels, and the subsequent biochemical events mature the inflammatory response, and involve the local vascular system, immune system, and various cells within the injured tissue, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, histiocytes, Kupffer cells, and mastocytes.
