ABSTRACT
Atomic and subatomic systems have been studied for centuries. Matter is made of atoms, and their properties and phenomena exhibited depend on the atomic structure. These are examined by applying the corresponding physical laws. The nucleus of the atom bears the major mass, and it contains positively charged protons and neutral neutrons. It occupies a small atomic volume compared with the cloud of negatively charged electrons, which are attracted to the positively charged nucleus by the force that exists between the microscopic particles of opposite electric charge. When the size of the orbital increases, the electron spends more time farther from the nucleus, possesses more energy, and is less tightly bound to the nucleus. A great variety of molecules have been synthesized and examined for various applications other than electronics or processing-centered ones.
