ABSTRACT
Power systems operate at voltages for which kilovolt (kV) is the most convenient unit for expressing voltage. Also, these systems transmit large amounts of power, so that kilovolt-ampere (kVA) and megavolt-ampere (MVA) are used to express the total (actual or apparent) three-phase power. These quantities, together with kilowatts, kilovars, amperes, ohms, ux, and so on, are usually expressed as a per unit or percent of a reference or base value. The per-unit and percent nomenclatures are widely used because they simplify specication and computations, especially when different voltage levels and equipment sizes are involved.
