ABSTRACT
In a healthy individual, the integrity of the tissue and organs is maintained by complex inter-and intra-cellular activities. When tissue is damaged due to trauma or disease, these cellular mechanisms repair and regenerate the affected tissue. However, in some injury or diseases, these cellular mechanisms are affected and/or corrupted and often result in chronic illness and death. In this regard, carcinogenesis and mutagenesis phenomena have been advocated as major challenges in health sciences as they involve alterations in cellular activities that tightly control and regulate cell proliferation, survival, and programmed cell death.
