Miscellaneous topics

The following notation is used throughout this chapter: a

https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> N https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429181467/18b385cc-0cd0-46cd-861b-2292640d7e62/content/eq3946.tif" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/> denotes the natural numbers.

b

https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> R https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429181467/18b385cc-0cd0-46cd-861b-2292640d7e62/content/eq3947.tif" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/> denotes the real numbers.