ABSTRACT
Liquid fuels are produced from several sources-the most common source is petroleum (Speight and Ozum 2002; Hsu and Robinson 2006; Gary et al. 2007; Speight 2014). However, other sources such as oil sand and coal are also viable sources of liquid fuels (Speight 1990, 2008, 2013a). When liquid fuels are produced from a source such as oil sand, the initial product is often referred to as synthetic crude oil or syncrude. Thus, synthetic crude oil (also referred to as syncrude) is, in the present context, a liquid fuel that does not occur naturally.
