ABSTRACT
Interest in retorting oil from oil shale to produce a competitively priced synfuel has intensied since the oil embargo of the 1970s. Commercial interest, once very high in the 1970s and 1980s, substantially declined in the 1990s owing to the stable and low oil price. However, interest in oil shale as a clean liquid fuel source has been renewed in the twenty-rst century, mainly triggered by the skyrocketing petroleum prices as well as the shortage of oil in the global market. Very serious commercial exploitation
8.4.4 Molecular Characterization of Kerogen ........................................... 274 8.4.4.1 Derivation of Stoichiometric Coefcient ........................... 274 8.4.4.2 Relation between Fischer Assay and Mass Fraction
of Kerogen .......................................................................... 275 8.4.4.3 Nitrogen Compounds in Shale Oil ..................................... 275
8.4.5 Boiling Range Distributions of Various Shale Oils .......................... 276 8.4.5.1 Analytical Methods ............................................................ 276
8.5 Oil Shale Extraction and Retorting Processes ..............................................280 8.5.1 Ex Situ Retorting Processes ..............................................................280
