ABSTRACT
Optical contrast for molecular imaging has a rich history from microscopy to endoscopy and uorescence-guided surgery. Nanomaterials offer signicant potential for functions in optical imaging as in other imaging modalities, due to the diverse toolbox available for nanomaterial contrast agent development. Biomedical optical
4.1 Introduction to Optical Imaging ................................................................... 103 4.2 Optical Imaging Methods ............................................................................. 104
4.2.1 Planar Reectance Imaging .............................................................. 104 4.2.2 Diffuse Reectance Imaging ............................................................ 106 4.2.3 Transillumination Imaging ............................................................... 107 4.2.4 Light Propagation in Biological Tissues ........................................... 107
4.3 Absorption .................................................................................................... 108 4.3.1 Photothermal Effects ........................................................................ 109
4.4 Scattering ...................................................................................................... 110 4.5 Plasmonic Nanometals ................................................................................. 110 4.6 Fluorescence ................................................................................................. 111 4.7 Organic Nanomaterials for Fluorescence Imaging ....................................... 112
4.7.1 Micelles and Liposomes ................................................................... 113 4.7.2 Peruorocarbon ................................................................................ 113 4.7.3 Dendrimers ....................................................................................... 113
4.8 Biological Nanoparticles ............................................................................... 115 4.8.1 Virus-Based Nanoparticles ............................................................... 115 4.8.2 Exosomes .......................................................................................... 116
4.9 Inorganic Nanomaterials for Optical Imaging ............................................. 117 4.9.1 Silica-Based Nanoparticles ............................................................... 117
4.10 Semiconductor Nanocrystals-“Quantum Dots” ......................................... 118 4.11 Upconverting Nanoparticles ......................................................................... 120
4.11.1 Bioluminescence ............................................................................... 121 4.11.2 Chemiluminescence..........................................................................124
