ABSTRACT
CONTENTS List of Abbreviations ................................................................ 286 8.1 Introduction ..................................................................... 287
8.1.1 Taxonomy ............................................................. 287 8.1.2 Origin and Distribution ......................................... 287 8.1.3 Morphology .......................................................... 287 8.1.4 Life Cycle .............................................................. 288 8.1.5 Reproductive Behavior .......................................... 288 8.1.6 Importance ............................................................ 288 8.1.7 Classical Cytogenetics .......................................... 289
8.1.7.1 Type of Chromosomes ............................. 289 8.1.7.2 Standard Karyotype ................................ 290 8.1.7.3 Polymorphism for X Chromosome Number .................................................... 290 8.1.7.4 Male Meiosis ........................................... 293 8.1.7.5 Localization of Chromosomal
Nucleolus Organizing Regions ................ 296 8.1.8 Molecular Cytogenetics ........................................ 296
8.2 Protocols .......................................................................... 297 8.2.1 Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Protocol ........ 297
8.2.1.1 Material and Supplies .............................. 297 8.2.1.2 Equipment ............................................... 299 8.2.1.3 Source of Chromosomes and
Chromosome Spread Preparation ............ 300 8.2.1.4 Probe Preparation (Labeling) .................. 300 8.2.1.5 Hybridization and Detection Method ...... 302 8.2.1.6 Visualization and Mapping ..................... 303
8.2.2 Dot-Blot Protocol .................................................. 303 8.2.3 Troubleshooting .................................................... 304 8.2.4 Representative Results .......................................... 305
8.2.4.1 Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Mapping of Ribosomal RNA Genes ....... 305
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AgNO3, silver nitrate Ag-positive, argentum positive AT, adenine-thymine BSA, bovine serum albumin C-banding, differential staining of the heterochromatin regions CCD, (charge-coupled device) camera CMA3, chromomycin A3 binding to GC-base pairs of DNA DAPI, 4 ,´6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dNTP, deoxyribose nucleoside triphosphate dUTP, deoxyuridine nucleotide triphosphate FISH, uorescence in situ hybridization FITC, uorescein isothiocyanate GC, guanine-cytosine NORs, nucleolus organizing regions PBS, phosphate-buffered saline PCR, polymerase chain reaction PFA, paraformaldehyde rDNA, ribosomal DNA RFBR, Russian Foundation for Basic Research RNase A, ribonuclease A rRNA, ribosomal RNA RT, room temperature SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate SSC, saline sodium citrate
8.2.4.2 Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Mapping with TTAGG and Dot-Blotting with Different Telomeric Repeats .................................................... 305
8.3 Discussion ........................................................................ 306 8.3.1 Diversity in Ribosomal Genes Location within
the Heteroptera ...................................................... 306 8.3.2 Diversity of Telomeric Motives in the Heteroptera ............................................................318
